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Brain Injury
neuro rehab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where does focal injury occur? | under the site of impact |
| Where does primary damage occur with a focal brain injury? | anterior, inferior, temporal, and prefrontal lobes |
| What is damaged acutely with a focal brain injury? | neuronal, glial and vascular components |
| How is diffuse axonal injury caused? | caused by acceleration/deceleration and rotational forces |
| What structures can be damaged with diffuse axonal injury? | cortical white matter, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, brain stem, cerebellum |
| What occurs with a hypoxic-ischemic injury: HII and what are the causes? | decreased oxygen to portion of brain; can be caused by hypotension, anoxia, or vascular damage |
| How is increased intracranial pressure classified and what is the normal ICP? | by site; 4-15 mm |
| What are therapies for ICP? | sedating meds, head elevation greater than 30 degrees, hypothermia, surgical decompression |
| What are the causes of damage to brain structures? | focal injury, diffuse axonal injury, hypoxic-ischemic injury, increased intracranial pressure |
| What are some cascade events that can occur with TBI? | glial swelling, changes in cell permeability, alter BBB, cell damage = release glutamate = neurotoxicity, increase apoptosis, influx calcium, free radical release, cytokines |
| sequellae (define) | A secondary consequence, used typically in medical terminology An unexpected result or complication |
| sequellae of TBI | changes in tone (decorticate, decerebrate, hypertonus), sensory and motor changes, canges in cognition and altered consciousness |
| What are the three levels of awareness? | minimally conscious state, vegetative state, persistent vegetative state |
| minimally conscious state | severely altered conscious w/ min but definate evidence of self and environ; purposeful cognitive-mediated behavior.... NOT reflexive |
| vegetative state | decreased level of awareness; pt has eye opening/wake cycles; unable to follow commands/speak |
| persistent vegetative state | no meaningful motor/cognitive function/awareness; symptoms persist for more than a year w/ TBI; more than 3 mo for anoxic brain injury |
| 3 examples of changes in cognition | orientation and memory deficits; declarative and procedural memory; attention |
| What are some therapeutic interventions for brain injury? | use of neuroprotective agents, use of mild anti-inflammatories (various results), mild hypothermia, cell transplantation |
Created by:
wrenlette
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