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SALT
SALT 9th Science - Chp 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| precision | the repeatability or consistency of a series of measurements |
| accuracy | how closely a measurement reflects the actual value |
| scientific notation | used to express extremely large or small numbers |
| SI (International System of Units) or metric system | the standard system of measurements used by scientists around the world |
| weight | a measure of the pull of gravity upon an object |
| mass | a measure of the amount of matter an object contains |
| liter | metric unit of capacity and liquid measure |
| gram | metric unit of mass |
| meter | metric unit of length |
| deci | prefix meaning 1/10 (one tenth) of a specified unit |
| centi | prefix meaning 1/100 (one hundredth) of a specified unit |
| milli | prefix meaning 1/1000 (one thousandth) of a specified unit |
| micro | prefix meaning one millionth |
| nano | prefix meaning one billionth |
| kilo | prefix meaning 1000 of a specified unit |
| cubit | an ancient unit of measure, originally derived from the length of a person’s arm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger |
| Kelvin scale | scale of absolute temperature |
| Celsius scale | a metric of temperature in which 0° represents the freezing point of water and 100° represents the boiling point of water |
| Fahrenheit scale | standard temperature scale |
| Three steps to the scientific method | observing, hypothesizing, experimenting |
| atmosphere | the blanket of gases that surrounds our planet, to protect and support life |
| atmospheric pressure | is equal to 14.7 pounds per square inch |
| nitrogen | the most abundant gas in the atmosphere |
| oxygen | is vital to human and animal life |
| carbon dioxide | is vital to plant life |
| troposphere | lowest layer of the atmosphere |
| stratosphere | the layer of atmosphere immediately above the tropopause, having strong steady winds but few changes of weather |
| ozone layer | region in the upper stratosphere that protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun |
| mesosphere | the layer of atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere, extending from the stratopause to about 50 miles above the surface |
| mesopause | the coldest point in the atmosphere |
| ionosphere | portion of the mesosphere and thermosphere known for its ability to “bounce” radio signals |
| thermosphere | the layer of atmosphere immediately above the mesosphere, characterized by high temperatures but is practically a vacuum |
| exosphere | the outermost layer of the atmosphere |
| greenhouse effect | the trapping of heat in the earth’s atmosphere by certain gases |
| Coriolis effect | the way in which the earth’s rotation causes a change in the course of the winds |
| polar easterlies | high pressure regions created by constantly sinking air at the poles cause winds to blow away from the poles |
| prevailing westerlies | the winds that blow from the horse latitudes toward latitude 60°, from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere |
| trade winds | surface winds that blow form the horse latitudes toward the equator |
| horse latitudes | regions of high pressure and gentle winds at about 30o N & S latitude. |
| ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) | belt of warm rising air that straddles the equator, where the winds from the tropics converge, low pressure area, known as the doldrums |
| jet streams | high altitude winds of the upper troposphere concentrated in narrow bands of rapidly moving air |
| monsoons | winds that change direction from season to season |
| meteorologist | a scientist who studies the weather |
| meteorology | the study of the atmosphere |
| Four basic cloud families | cumulus, stratus, cirrus, and lenticular |
| cumulus | white, billowy clouds that resemble piles of cotton puffs in the sky |
| stratus | a flat, gray layer of heavy clouds not far above the ground |
| cirrus | thin, delicate, wispy clouds that float near the top of the troposphere; have a feathery appearance |
| lenticular | lens-shaped clouds that generally form over mountains |
| cumulonimbus | a thundercloud |
| front | a boundary between two air masses |
| precipitation | the release of water from the atmosphere is the form of drizzle, rain, sleet, freezing rain, snow, or hail |
| hurricane | a storm in which its winds exceed 74 mph. |
| humidity | the amount of water vapor present in the air |
| oceanography | the study of the earth’s oceans, seas, and their basins |
| thermocline | the boundary in the ocean where cold, deep ocean water meets the sun-warmed water nearer the surface |
| Gulf Stream | the well-known ocean current that flow up the coast of North America and then sweeps across the Atlantic toward Europe |
| tsumanis | gigantic sea waves formed by earthquakes, volcanic explosions or undersea landslides |
| tides | regular and predictable movements of ocean water caused primarily by the moon |
| continental shelf | sandy, gently sloping underwater plain bordering the continents’ coasts |
| continental slope | where the sea floor drops away from the continent abruptly, sloping steeply down |
| continental rise | thick layer of sediment that slopes gently toward the deep open basins |
| abyssal plain | a huge plain of the deep ocean floor |
| seamounts | underwater volcanic mountains |
| guyot | unusual flat-topped seamounts |
| oceanic deep | an area of the sea exceeding 6000m (19,685 ft) in depth |
| Challenger Deep | the deepest known point in the sea, located in the Marianas Trench near Guam |
| scuba | self contained underwater breathing apparatus |
| characteristics of matter | occupies space, has inertia, cannot be created or destroyed under ordinary conditions, exists in three basic states (solid, liquid, or gas) |
| atomic theory of matter | the foundation of our understanding of matter proposed by John Dalton |
| elements | substances composed of only one type of atom |
| compounds | substances composed of more than one type of atom linked together |
| molecule | a group of atoms linked together ; both elements and compounds may be composed of molecules. |
| kinetic theory of matter | molecules of matter are in constant motion |
| diffusion | the process of mixing molecules of one substance through another by random molecular motion |
| osmosis | one-way diffusion across a semi permeable membrane |
| nucleus | the dense central core of an atom |
| proton and neutron | two major subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of a atom (each element has its own unique atomic number) |
| proton | positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
| electron | negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom |
| neutron | uncharged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
| neutrino | unusual subatomic particle related to the electron but having no electric charge and little mass |
| quark | particle that may compose protons and neutrons |
| ion | an atom that develops an electrical charge as a result of gaining or losing electrons |
| isotopes | an atom of an element that has a different number of neutrons than do other atoms of that element; examples are magnesium |
| quantum theory | the theory which states that tiny particles such as electrons do not absorb or release energy smoothly |
| Bohr model | model of the atom that portrays a nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons that move in circular orbits at specific energy levels |
| electron-cloud model | model of the atom in which dots indicate the probability of finding an electron |
| wave-mechanical model | model of the atom that portrays electrons as waves circling the nucleus |
| Heisenberg uncertainty principle | the idea that it is impossible to precisely determine the position and momentum of an electron simultaneously |
| quantum number | describes the overall motion of each electron, (the 4 quantum numbers that describe the electron shell, orbital shape, orbital orientation, and electron spin) |
| mass number | the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| atomic mass | the average mass of all the isotopes of an element compared to the mass of a carbon-12 atom |
| gamma radiation | the type of nuclear radiation that consists of high-energy electromagnetic waves |
| alpha decay | occurs when an unstable atom ejects a clump of 2 protons and 2 neutrons called an alpha particle |
| beta decay | occurs when a neutron in an atom’s nucleus changes into a proton and emits an electron called a beta particle |
| half-life | the decay rate of a substance, or the length of time it takes for ½ the original substance to decay into a new substance |
| nuclear fission | the splitting of an atomic nucleus |
| critical mass | the amount of fissionable material that must be present in order for a nuclear chain reaction to take place |
| nuclear fusion | the process of joining two small atomic nuclei together to form a larger nucleus |
| nuclear reactor | can control a chain reaction and produce useful energy |
| Most atoms seek to have | eight electrons in their outermost shell. |
| valence electrons | the electrons in the outermost shell |
| alkali metals | the elements in group IA of the periodic table - very soft, shiny metals with low melting points (combine easily with other atoms) |
| alkaline earth metals | the elements in group IIA – harder and denser than alkali metals |
| halogens | elements in group VIIA – “salt formers”, combine with IA and IIA metals to form salts. |
| noble gases | the elements in group VIIIA of the periodic table, which rarely combine with other elements because they already have 8 electrons in their outer shells |
| carbon | C |
| calcium | Ca |
| copper | Cu |
| gold | Au |
| silver | Ag |
| helium | He |
| iron | Fe |
| lead | Pb |
| oxygen | O |
| potassium | K |
| sodium | Na |
| phosphorus | P |
| sulfur | S |
| nitrogen | N |
Created by:
kbtarheelgirl
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