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Neurons
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the past theories to explain functions of the mind? | Humors, Hydraulic, and Spiritual Theories |
| Who was Camillo Golgi? | A scientist who worked on "silver staining" |
| What did Ramon y Cajal do? | Came up with theories and improvements to staining methods |
| What are Neurons? | Specialized cells that receive/transmit information throughout the body and brain |
| How many neurons do we have in our body by adulthood? | 80-100 billion |
| Where are neurons located? | Throughout the body with the highest concentration in the brain regions |
| What makes up a neuron? | The cell body, dendrites, axon, terminal branches, myelin sheath, and neural impulse |
| Cell Body | The cell's life support center |
| Dendrites | Receives messages from other cells |
| Axon | Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands |
| Neural Impules | Electrical signal traveling down the axon |
| Terminal branches of axon | Form junctions with other cells |
| Myelin Sheath | Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses |
| What is the Synapse? | A very small space that separates the terminal buttons of one neutron from the dendrites of another |
| What are Neurotransmitters? | Chemicals that are released by pores in the terminal buttons of neurons |
| What are neurotransmitters do? | They can either excite or inhibit |
| Excite | Increase the chances of to cause the second neuron to release its neurotransmitters |
| Inhibit | Reduce the likelihood that the second neuron releases its neurotransmitters |
| How do neurons know when to release neurotransmitters? | When the dendrites of a neuron are excited they start the action potential at the axon |
| What is the Action Potential? | An all-or-none signal that is propagated along the axon of the neuron and involves a flow of positive and negative charged ions along the length of the axon |
| What happens in the Synapse? | Activation (excitation/inhibition), Reuptake, and Diffusion/Metabolized |
| Activation | Neurotransmitters temporarily "cling" to the dendrites of another neuron, and influence the neuron based on the type of neurotransmitter that was released |
| Reuptake | The axon terminal eventually "suck back" the neurotransmitters that were released almost like recycling |
| Diffusion/Metabolized | The neurotransmitter can be broken down, washed away, or used up by other cells and enzymes that are located in the synapse |
| Glia(l) Cells | Cells that support neurons by removing waste, synchronizing activity, and insulating neurons such as protection and mylenation |
| What are three examples of neurotransmitters? | Acetylcholine (Ach), Dopamine (DA), and Serotonin (5-HT) |
| Acetylcholine | Released at every motor neuron at the skeletal muscle synapses. |
| How is botulin related to ACh? | Poison blocks ACh release from sending neurons, causing paralysis |
| How is Black Widow Venom related to ACh? | Poison causes flood of Ach causing violent convulsion |
| Dopamine | Implicated in "reward" or positive emotional sensation and motivation |
| What is associated with high levels of Dopamine? | Schizophrenia and hallucinations |
| What is associated with low levels of Dopamine? | Parkinson's Disease |
| Serotonin | Implicated in psychological wellness/mood and is linked to areas that control hunger, sleep cycles, and arousal |
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