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Criminal Justice 1-5
Chapters 1-5 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the sum total of society's activities to defend itself against the actions it defines as criminal | Criminal Justice |
| set of facts that would lead a reasonable person to believe that an accused person committed the offense in question; the minimum evidence requirement for an arrest, according to the Fourth Amendment | Probable Cause |
| rule prohibiting use of illegally obtained evidence in a court of law | Exclusionary Rule |
| suspicion (short of probable cause) that a person has been or may be engaged in the commission of a crime | Reasonable Suspicion |
| warning that explains the rights of an arrestee, and that police recite at the time of the arrest or prior to interrogation | Miranda warning |
| preview of a trial held in court before a judge, in which the prosecution must produce sufficient evidence for the case to proceed to trial | Preliminary hearing |
| panel of 16-21 citizens who screen the prosecution's evidence, in secret hearings, to decide whether someone should be formally charged with a crime | Grand Jury |
| case in which there is evidence that would warrant the conviction of the defendant unless otherwise contradicted; a case that meets evidentiary requirements for grand jury indictment | Prima Facie Case |
| accusation against a criminal defendant rendered by a grand jury on the basis of evidence constituting a prima facie case | Indictment |
| accusation against a criminal defendant prepared by a prosecuting attorney | Information |
| system for the judicial determination of a relatively firm sentence based on specific aggravating or mitigating circumstances | Sentencing Guidelines |
| alternative to imprisonment, allowing a person found guilty to stay in the community, under conditions and with supervision | Probation |
| punishments or other dispositions imposed instead of the principal sanctions currently in use, such as imprisonment or probation | Alternative Sanctions |
| supervised conditional release of a convicted prisoner before expiration of the sentence of imprisonment | Parole |
| rate at which the numbers decreas in teh course of the criminal process because persons are diverted out of the system | Attrition (Mortality) Rate |
| prosecutors' power to try juveniles directly in adult criminal courts | Direct File |
| criminal activities extending into, and violating the laws of, several countries | Transnational Crimes |
| process of ancient origin by which an alleged offender is transferred from one sovereign country to another for trial | Extradition |
| crimes, established largely by conventions, violative of international law including but not limited to crimes against the peace and security of humankind | International Crimes |
| international agreement by which many nations commit themselves to common, legally binding obligations | Convention |
| an agreement, usually among two sovereign states, binding them to abide by common standards and to enforce them | Treaty |
| power of a sovereign state to make and enforce its own laws. Also, the power granted to a court to adjudicate matters in dispute within irs competence and territory | Jurisdiction |
| use of armed force by a state against the sovereignty or territory of another state, inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations; an international crime | Aggression |
| international crime defined by convention and consisting of specific acts of violence committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, sthnice, racial, cultural, or religious group | Genocide |
| established by the United Nations, ad hoc (temporary) criminal courts created to try defendants accused of crimes under international law. A permanent International Criminal Court was agreed upon in 1996 | International Criminal Court |
| consist of murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts done against any civilian population, or persecution on political, racial, or religious grounds, when such acts are done or such persecutions are carried out in execution | Crimes Against Humanity |
| the use or threat of violence directed at people of governments to punish them for past action or to bring about a change of policy that is to the terrorist's liking | Terrorism |
| the killing of one person by another | Homicide |
| unjustified, unexcused killing of another human being | Criminal Homicide |
| killing done with premeditation and deliberation or, by statute, in the presence of other aggravating circumstances | 1st Degree Murder |
| killing doen with intent to cause death but without premeditation and deliberation | 2nd Degree Murder |
| criminal liability for murder for one who participates in a felony that is dangerous to life and causes the death of another | Felony Murder |
| intentionally but without malice causing the death of another person, as in the heat of passion | Voluntary Manslaughter |
| unintentionally but recklessly causing the death of another by consciously taking a grave risk | Involuntary Manslaughter |
| the murder of multiple victims, in one act or transaction, by one perpetrator or a group of perpretrators | Mass Murder |
| killing of several victims over a period of time | Serial Murder |
| unlawful offer or attempt with force or violence to hurt another | Assault |
| attack that inflicts little or no physical harm on the victim | Simple Assault |
| attack on a person in which the assailant inflicts serious harm or uses a deadly weapon | Aggravated Assault |
| the taking of the property of another out of his or her presence by means of force and violence or the threat thereof | Robbery |
| trespassory taking and carrying away of personal property belonging to another with the intent to deprive the owner of the property permanently | Larceny |
| stealing of goods from stores or markets | Shoplifting |
| acquisition of the property of another through deception | Fraud |
| the pursuit of illegal activites through the use of advanced electronic media | High-tech Crime |
| according to common law, the nighttime breaking and entering of the dwelling house of another, with the intention to commit a crime or larceny therein; a felony | Burglary |
| the malicious burning of the dwelling house of another, or the burning of other structures or even personal property | Arson |
| a violation of the law committed by a person or group of persons in the course of an otherwise respected and legitimate occupation or business enterprise | White-collar Crime |
| practice of tradinga client's shares of stock frequently to generate large commissions | Churning |
| use of material, nonpublic financial information about securities to obtain unfair advantage | Insider Trading |
| brokers who have a stake in a particular security make misleading or false statements to clients to give the impression that the price of the stock is about to rise, creating an artificial demand for it | Stock Manipulation |
| operations run by stock manipulatiors who, through deception and misleading sales techniques, seduce unsuspecting and uninformed individuals into buying stocks in obscure and often poorly financed corporations | Boiler Rooms |
| scam designed to take advantage of loopholes in the bankruptcy laws | Bankruptcy Fraud |
| the act of causing a consumer to surrender money through deceit or a misrepresentation of a material fact | Consumer Fraud |
| the conversion (misappropriation) of property or money with which one is entrusted or for which one has a fiduciary responsibility | Embezzlement |
| criminal act committed by one or more employees of a corporation that is subsequently attributed to the organization itself | Corporate Crime |
| Congress passed this law in 1890 to prohibit an contract, conspiracy, or combination of business interests in restraint of foreign or interstate trade | Sherman Antitrust Act |
| program under the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 to protect witnesses who testify in court by relocating them and assigning them new identities | Federal Witness Protection Program |
| the eight major crimes included in Part I of the UCR: Criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson | Index Crimes |
| condition in which a person has no sense of responsibility; shows disregard for truth; is insincere; and feels no sense of shame, guilt, or humiliation | Psychopathy |
| crime results when the same materialistic goals are held out to all members of society without giving them equal means to achieve them | Strain Theory |
| a subdivision within the dominant culture that has its own norms, beliefs, and values | Subculture |
| deviance results when social controls are weakened or break down, so that individuals are not motivated to conform to them | Social Control |
| explanation of deviance in terms of the way a person acquires a negative identity, such as "addict," and is forced to suffer the consequences of outcast status | Labeling Theory |
| model of crime in which the criminal justice system is seen as being used by the ruling class to control the lower class | Conflict Theory |
| theory that crime is the result of a struggle for power and resources between owners of capital and workers | Radical Theory |
| law as developed in England and later in the United States on the basis of court decisions (precedents) and as supplemented by legislation | Common Law |
| principle that every crime must be clearly defined by common law or legislation prior to its commission | Legality |
| guilty mind; awareness of wrongdoing. Intention to commit a criminal act, or recklessness | Mens Rea |
| wrongs that are merely prohibited | Mala Prohibita |
| offenses deemed inherently evil | Mala in Se |
| wrong committed by one person against another, other than mere violation of a contract, which entitles the victim to compensation | Tort |
| serious crime, subject to punishment of one year of more in prison, or to capital punishment | Felony |
| crime less serious than a felony and subject to a maximum of one year in jail of a fine | Misdemeanor |
| infraction of the law for which normally only a fine can be imposed | Violation |
| defenses in which the law authorizes the violation of another law within limits of proportionality | Justifications |
| act or omission constituting a substantial step in a course of conduct planned to culminate in the commission of a crime | Criminal Attempt |
| criminal liability of all those who aid the perpetrator of an offense | Accessoryship |
| perpetrator of a criminal act | Principal |
| person who helps another to commit a crime | Accomplice |
| agreement among two or more persons to commit a crime, making each guilty of conspiracy and all other crimes committed in furtherance of the conspiracy | Conspiracy |
| group of private citizens taking the law into their own hands by tracking down criminals and punishing them | Vigilante Group |
| federal law enforcement officer of the U.S. Marshal Service; formally, federal law enforcement officer in territories | Marshal |
| torturing a suspect to gain information | Third Degree |
| unit of a police department responsible for the functions associated with the primary law enforcement mission | Operations Bureau |
| law enforcement functions of a police department | Line Functions |
| unit of a police department that provides technical services to assist in the execution of line functions, such as keeping records | Service Bureau |
| unit of a police department responsible for the management of the department as an organization; includes personnel, finance, and research and development | Administration Bureau |
| department responsible for receiving and investigating charges against the police | Internal Affairs |
| territory covered by a police officer on patrol; derived from hunters "beating" the bushes for a game | Beat |
| collection of departmental directives governing the performance of duties | Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) Manual |
| use of DNA as a technique for identifying suspects | Genetic Fingerprinting |
Created by:
hermionepippin
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