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AP Psych AP Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| case study | studies 1 person or a small group in depth |
| naturalistic observation | observe in natural setting |
| correlation | relationship between 2 variables |
| experimental research | studies cause and effect |
| 3 types of descriptive research | survey, case study, naturalistic observation |
| hypothesis | testable, declarative statement |
| 3 parts of ethics for humans | informed consent, scientific benefit outweighs harm, debrief |
| normal curve percentages in order (least to greatest) | .1, 2, 14, 34 |
| 1(neuron firing) resting potential | ready to go |
| 2(neuron firing) dendrites recieve message | nucleus begins firing |
| 3(neuron firing) depolarization | switch from negative to positive charge |
| 2 elements in neuron firing | potassium and sodium |
| 4(neuron firing) threshold | firing point |
| 5(neuron firing) action potential | neural impulse |
| 6(neuron firing) release of | neurotransmitters |
| 7(neuron firing) hyperpolarization | recharging of the neuron- can't fire |
| refractory period for neurons | can't fire |
| 8(neuron firing) reuptake | take up extra neurotransmitters |
| AcH | movement and memory |
| Seratonin | mood, hunger, thirst |
| Dopamine | thinking, percieving |
| Norepenephrin | adrenaline |
| glutamate | excitatory |
| GABA | inhibitatory |
| agonist | mimics |
| antagonist | blocks |
| reuptake inhibitor neurotransmitter | Seratonin |
| sensory neurons carry _ messages | incoming |
| motor neurons carry _ messages | outgoing |
| Endorphins | pain control |
| Central Nervous System | brain and spinal cord |
| interneurons | 2 way |
| Peripheral Nervous System | all but brain and spinal cord |
| autonomic nervous system | automatic functions |
| somatic nervous system | voluntary functions |
| parasympathetic nervous system | calming |
| sympathetic nervous system | excites |
| endocrine system | glands |
| plasticity | brain's ability to change |
| aphasia | impairment of language |
| PET | brain activity |
| MRI | brain structures |
| EEG | brain waves |
| transduction | turning energy into neural impulses |
| absolute threshold | minimum detection |
| difference threshold | just noticable difference |
| signal detection | no absolute threshold |
| sensory adaptation | getting used to stimuli and not noticing it |
| top-down processing | high level thinking- expectations of what to see |
| light wavelength | hue |
| light amplitude | brightness |
| tri-chromatic theory | 3 cones= red, blue, green |
| opponent-process theory | red&green, yellow&blue, black&white |
| place theory | hairs that detect certain pitches |
| frequency theory | hairs vibrate at different frequencies |
| conduction hearing loss | structure damage |
| sensorimotor hearing loss | hair damage |
| olfaction | smell |
| gustation | taste |
| 5 types of taste | sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami |
| vestibular sense | balance @ semicircular canal |
| kinesthesis | movement |
| sensory interaction | smell & taste |
| gestalt | wholes |
| 5 types of gestalt | figure-ground, proximity, similarity, closure, continuity/connectedness |
| 2 binocular cues | retinal disparity & convergence |
| 3 types of ESP | telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition |
| telepathy | read others' thoughts |
| clairvoyance | know things about people in their presence |
| precognition | predict the future |
| circadian rhythm | 24 hour clock |
| Sleep stage 1 wave | alpha |
| sleep stage 2 wave and addition | alpha and sleep spindles |
| sleep stage 3 wave | theta |
| sleep stage 4 wave | delta |
| REM sleep wave | beta |
| sleep apnea | snoring |
| sonombulism | sleep walking |
| dream theory | wish fulfillment |
| (hypnosis) social-actor theory | pretend roles |
| (hypnosis) dissociation | split consciousness |
| addiction cycle of drugs (4) | tolerance, dependence, addiction, withdrawl |
| 2 depressants | alcohol and opiates |
| 2 stimulants | caffine and cocaine |
| 2 hallucinogens | LSD and marijuana |
| Classical Conditioning | stimulus --> response |
| acquisition | learning process |
| extinction | learning disappears |
| spontaneous recovery | reappearance of learning |
| generalization | respond to similar stimuli |
| discrimination | don't respond to similar stimuli |
| operant conditioning | reinforcement and punishment |
| positive reinforcement | add like |
| negative reinforcement | subtract dislike |
| immediate reinforcement | right away |
| delayed reinforcement | wait |
| primary reinforcers | necessities |
| secondary reinforcers | wants |
| continuous reinforcement | everytime |
| partial reinforcement | sometimes |
| fixed interval schedule of reinforcement | set time |
| fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement | set number of responses |
| variable interval schedule of reinforcement | varying time |
| variable ratio schedule of reinforcement | varying number of resopnses |
| shaping | guiding behavior with reinforcers |
| positive punishment | add dislike |
| negative punishment | subtract like |
| modeling | observe and imitating behavior |
| mirror neurons allow | mimic behavior |
| learned helplessness caused by | repeated aversive events |
| latent learning | symbolic learning |
| insight | sudden realization |
| intrinsic motivation | for one's own self |
| extrinsic motivation | for a reward |
| 3 stages of memory | sensory, short term, long term |
| 3 processes of memory | encoding, storage, retrieval |
| sensory memory size | unlimited |
| short term memory size | 7 +/- 2 items |
| chunking | grouping |
| method of Loci | locations |
| long term memory size | unlimited |
| episodic memory | events and facts |
| semantic memory | meanings |
| procedural memory | processes |
| recognition | recognize (multiple choice) |
| recall | know (essay) |
| serial position effect | remember start and end |
| primacy in serial position effect | beginning |
| recency in serial position effect | end |
| retroactive interference (forgetting) | new information interferes with old |
| proactive interference (forgetting) | old information interferes with new |
| antrograde amnesia | can't form new memories |
| retrograde amnesia | can't remember old memories |
| long-term potentiation | more learning makes more capacity |
| phonemes | smallest unit of sound |
| morphemes | smallest unit of meaning |
| two-word speech | telegraphic speech |
| language needs 2 things | syntax and semantics |
| syntax | sentence structure |
| semantics | meaning |
| prototype | best representation |
| algorithms | all possibilities |
| heuristics | short cuts |
| availability heuristic | first available explanation |
| representative heuristic | based on prototype |
| convergent thinking | one solution |
| schema | mental group of similar objects |
| accommodate | change prototype |
| mental set | approach problem in a particular way |
| belief bias | stick to belief after being discredited |
| intuition | automatic |
| framing | way a question is asked |
| drive reduction theory | needs-->drives-->motivated to reduce drive |
| homeostasis | biological balance |
| Yerkes-Dodson law | perform better at moderate level of arousal |
| level 1 (base) hierarchy of needs | physiological needs |
| level 2 hierarchy of needs | safety |
| level 3 hierarchy of needs | love and belonging |
| level 4 hierarchy of needs | self-esteem |
| level 5 (top) hierarchy of needs | self-actualization |
| lateral hypothalamus says | eat |
| ventromedial hypothalamus says | i'm full |
| set point theory | ideal weight |
| sexual response cycle in order | excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution |
| Management theory X | workers are lazy, extrinsic |
| Management theory Y | workers are self motivated if have responsibility |
| approach-approach conflict | met conflict head on |
| approach-avoidance conflict | avoid conflict |
| James-Lange theory of emotion | physiological feeling --> emotion |
| Canon Bard theory of emotion | physiological feeling and emotion at the same time |
| two-factor theory of emotion | physiological feeling-->label-->emotion |
| facial feedback | physical determines emotion |
| stress rating scale (SSRS) measured in | life changing units (LCU) |
| General adaptation syndrom (GAS) 3 stages of stress | alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| type A personality | competitive, hard working, agressive |
| type B personality | easygoing, relaxed |
| prenatal stages | conception, zygote, embryo, fetus |
| teratogens | harms fetus |
| rooting reflex | turn to find food |
| moro reflex | startle-->fetal position |
| babinski reflex | pull feet in |
| maturation | order of development |
| Harry Harlow experiment | monkey moms |
| Mary Ainsworth experiment | children feeling secure |
| authoritarian parenting style | rules |
| permissive parenting style | no rules |
| authoritative parenting style | rules but flexible |
| gender roles | expected gender behaviors |
| gender identity | personal sense of gender |
| gender schema | society recipe for gender |
| temperment | emotional reactivity |
| fluid intelligence | speed of reasoning |
| crystallized intelligence | knowledge |
| Freud's 3 parts of personality | id, ego, superego |
| id | unconscious (pleasure principle) |
| superego | conscious (morals) |
| ego | reality principle |
| defense mechanisms | repression, denial, rationalization, displacement, projection |
| Adler | inferiority complex |
| Jung's collective unconscious | shared memories from human history |
| Raymond Catell (personality) | 16 trait clusters |
| Big 5 (personality) acronym | CANOE |
| CANOE stands for | Conscientious, agreeable, neurotic, openness, extroversion |
| reciprocal determinism | you get what you give |
| self efficacy | willingness to stand up for self |
| internal locus of control | determine own fate |
| external locus of control | outside forces control |
| Roger's unconditional positive regard | total acceptance of others |
| Projective tests | provide ambiguous stimuli to show inner self |
| TAT test | stories on photos |
| MMPI | most used personality test |
| Barnum effect (personality) | people fooled by generic descriptions |
| standardization (tests) | scores are meaningful |
| reliable (tests) | scores are consistent |
| 2 ways to test reliability of test | split half and test retest |
| validity (tests) | test measures what its supposed to |
| criterion | what makes a test valid |
| Spearman (intelligence) | general intelligence (g) |
| general intelligence (g) | specific mental abilities |
| Howard Gardner (intelligence) | 8 intelligences |
| Robert Sternberg (intelligence) | 3 intelligences |
| Sternberg's 3 intelligences | analytical, practical, creative |
| Alfred-Binet | mental age |
| Stanford-Binet test | IQ test |
| IQ equation | mental age/real age * 100 |
| IQ below _ is disable | eighty five |
| IQ above _ is gifted | one hundred and fifteen |
| flynn effect (intelligence) | rise in IQ scores over decades |
| Abnormal behavior must be (3ds) | deviant, distressful, dysfunctional |
| DSM IV | manual to diagnose disorders |
| part 1 of the DSM IV | clinical disorder |
| last part of the DSM IV | global assessment (1-100) |
| generalized anxiety disorder | constant anxiety |
| phobia | irrational fear |
| panic disorder | panic attacks |
| OCD | obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors |
| PTSD | flashbacks and nightmares |
| Somatoform disorders | somatic (bodily) symptoms without physical cause |
| Hypochondriasis | thinks normal things are major symptoms |
| Conversion | physical symptoms, no psychological basis |
| Dissociative disorders | conscious awareness is separated |
| Amnesia | forgetting |
| Fugue state | lose sense of identity and wander away |
| DID (dissociative identity disorder) | multiple personalities |
| Major depressive disorder | depression for 2+ weeks |
| SAD (mood disorder) | depression in winter |
| bipolar | alternate between depression and mania |
| dysthymic | depression for 2+ years |
| Schizophrenia 3 parts | delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate thoughts |
| delusions | false beliefs (persecution/grandeur) |
| hallucinations | hearing things/seeing things |
| flat effect | emotionless |
| catatonia | excitement or stupor |
| Antisocial personality disorder | lack of conscience for wrongdoing |
| Philippe Pinel | medical model |
| medical model | diagnose, treat, cure |
| free association | saying what comes to mind |
| resistance | blocking anxiety bringing thoughts |
| transference | transfer emotions to therapist |
| counter conditioning | evoke a new response to a stimulus |
| systematic desensitization | increase anxiety bringing stimuli |
| rational-emotive therapy | combine cognitive and behavioral therapy |
| anti-anxity drug | xanax |
| anti-depressant drug | prozac |
| antipsychotic drug | thorzine |
| drug for bipolar disorder | lithium |
| attitude | belief and feelings |
| mere exposure effect | increased exposure = increased like |
| central persuasion | deep/thoughtful |
| peripheral persuasion | images |
| cognitive dissonance | attitude and behavior should agree |
| attribution theory | explain others' behaviors by situation and disposition |
| fundamental attribution error | attribute behavior only to disposition |
| false-consensus effect | overestimate others' agreement with us |
| self-serving bias | behavior benefits me |
| just world bias | the world is just and fair |
| ethocentrism | our culture is better |
| superordinate goals | overriding group goals |
| conformity | adjust to fit the group |
| social facilitation | stronger resopnse to simple task with others present |
| social loafing | people in group exert less effort |
| group polarization | discussion in the group |
| bystander effect | less likely to help with others present |
| cerebral cortex | information processing |
| corpus callosum | connects hemispheres |
| thalamus | sensory switchboard |
| hippocampus | memory |
| hypothalamus | maintenance activities and rewards/emotions |
| amygdala | emotions |
| cerebellum | movement and balance |
| reticular formation | arousal |
| pons | sleep and dreams |
| pituitary galnd | endocrine system |
| medulla | heartbeat and breathing |
| brainstem | autonomic responses |
| frontal lobe | personality and judgement |
| temporal lobe | hearing |
| occipital lobe | sight |
| parietal lobe | touch and body position |
| sensory cortex | body touch and movement |
| motor cortex | voluntary movements |
| broca's area | muscle movement in speech |
| wernicke's area | language comprehension |
| angular gyrus | reading |
| nodes of ranvier | speed up |
| 1 cornea (eye) | protects eye |
| 2 iris (eye) | colored and controls size of pupil |
| 3 pupil (eye) | opening where light enters |
| 4 lens (eye) | focus light on the retina |
| 5 retina (eye) | contains rods and cones |
| rods | neutral colors |
| cones | bright colors |
| 6 fovea (eye) | central focal point |
| 7 blind spot (eye) | connects to the optic nerve |
| 8 optic nerve (eye) | connects to the brain |
| order of light into the eye | cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, fovea, blind spot, optic nerve |
| order of sound into ear | eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval window, semicircular canals, cochlea, auditory nerve |
| eardrum | vibrates |
| hammer, anvil, and stirrup | concentrate vibrations |
| oval window | entrance to cochlea |
| cochlea | trigger neural impulses |
| auditory nerve | connects to brain |
| Freud's development stages in order | oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
| Piaget's development stages in order | sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operations |
| sensorimotor (piaget) | object permanence (0-2) |
| preoperational (piaget) | conservation (2-6) |
| concrete operational (piaget) | math (6-11) |
| formal operational (piaget) | abstract logic (12-?) |
| infancy (erikson) | trust vs mistrust |
| early childhood (erikson) | autonomy vs shame |
| play age (erikson) | initiative vs guilt |
| school age (erikson) | industry vs inferiority |
| adolescence (erikson) | identity vs confusion |
| early adulthood (erikson) | intimacy vs isolation |
| adulthood (erikson) | generativity vs stagnation |
| old age (erikson) | integrity vs despair |
| Kohlberg's moral development stages in order | preconventional, conventional, postconventional |
| preconventional (kohlberg) | self-interest, rewards/punishment |
| conventional (kohlberg) | what is expected |
| postconventional (kohlberg) | rights and justice |
Created by:
jducttape
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