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Psychologists
Question | Answer |
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Muzafer Sharif | famous social psychologist important to the psychological understanding of groups and its members. realistic conflict theory |
Stanley Milgram | obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions |
Leon Festinger | social cognition, cognitive dissonance; Study Basics: Studied and demonstrated cognitive dissonance |
Kitty Genovese | Bystander effect; "lover's quarrel" didn't register as an emergency, |
Philip Zimbardo | social psychology; Stanford Prison Study; college students randomly assigned to roles of prisoners/guards; study looked @ who social situations influence behavior; showed that peoples' behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they're asked to play |
Robert Cialdini | Principals of Persuasion |
Solomon Asch | conformity; showed that social pressure can make a person say something that is obviously incorrect; cards with lines of different lengths and were asked to say which line matched the line on the first card in length |
Joseph Wolpe | learning; systematic desensitization |
Mary Cover Jones | behaviorism/learning; pioneer in systematic desensitization, maintained that fear could be unlearned |
Albert Ellis | pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions |
Dorothea Dix | instrumental in changing the way the mentally ill were treated in the United States. From 1841 to 1881, she actively campaigned to positively change the living situations of the hospitalized mentally ill. |
Aaron Beck | pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested negative beliefs cause depression. |
David Weschler | established an intelligence test especially for adults (WAIS); also WISC and WPPSI |
Louis Terman | revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children; tested group of young geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study that lasted beyond his own lifetime to show that high IQ does not necessarily lead to wonderful things in life |
Robert Sternberg | intelligence; devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative) |
Charles Spearman | intelligence; found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability) |
Howard Gardner | devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic |
Sir Francis Galton | differential psychology - "London School" of Experimental Psychology; behavioral genetics, maintains that personality & ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance; compared identical & fraternal twins. |
Karen Horney | neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety" |
Carl Jung | neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; dream studies/interpretation |
Paul Coasta and Robert McCrae | Five Factor Model; openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism |
Alfred Adler | neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: inferiority complex, organ inferiority; Studies: birth order influences personality |
Lev Vygotsky | child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research |
Jean Piaget | cognitive psychology; created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation) |
Konrad Lorenz | ethology (animal behavior); studied imprinting and critical periods in geese |
Lawrence Kohlberg | moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas & studied their responses & reasoning processes. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife & cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication & why? |
Harry Harlow | development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers) |
Carol Gilligan | moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. Studied girls and women; found they didn't score as high on his six stage scale - they focused more on relationships rather than laws&principles. Their reasoning was different, not better or worse |
Diana Baumrind | parenting styles, authoritarian, permissive, authoritative |
Mary Ainsworth | developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment |
Hans Selye | general adaptation syndrome and stress response (GAS) |
Stanley Schachter | emotion; stated that in order to experience emotions, a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it |
Abraham Maslow | humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence |
Alfred Kinsey | findings on women showed that they were sexual beings who were able to enjoy sexual activity |
George A Miller | Magic Number 7 +/- 2 |
Elizabeth Lofus | cognition and memory; studied repressed memories and false memories; showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony |
Wolfgang Kohler | Gestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments. He noticed the solution process wasn't slow, but sudden and reflective. |
Hermann Ebbinghaus | memory; studied memorization of meaningless words |
Noam Chomsky | language development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language |
John B. Watson | behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat |
Edward Tolman | cognition; studied rats and discovered the "cognitive map" in rats and humans |
Edward Thorndike | behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence |
Robert Rescorla | demonstrated that the pairing of a conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) does not always produce learning and contended that it is necessary for the CS to signify a contingency. Learned helplessness. |
John Garcia | Taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance. |
Albert Bandura | pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play |
Ernest Hilgard | known for work finding a hidden observer in the brain while hypnosis is taking place. Theory asserts that several distinct states of consciousness can be present during hypnosis, such that certain actions may become dissociated from the conscious mind. |
William James | founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment |
Ernst Weber | perception; identified just-noticeable-difference (JND) that eventually becomes Weber's law |
HErmann Von Hemboltz | Theorist who both aided in the development of the trichromatic theory of color perception and Place theory of pitch perception. |
Gustav Fechner | perception; Contributions: stated that the magnitude of a sensory experience is proportionate to the # of JND's that the stimulus causing the experiences above the absolute threshold |
Karl Wernicke | "Wernicke's area"; discovered area of left temporal lobe that involved language understanding: person damaged in this area uses correct words but they do not make sense |
Roger Sperry | neuroscience/biopsychology; studied split brain patients |
Michael Gazzniga | neuroscience/biopsychology; studied split brain patients |
Phineas Gage | Vermont railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that changed his personality and behavior; his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning |
Margaret Floy Washburh | first woman to earn a doctoral degree in American psychology; experimental work in animal behavior and motor theory development |
Mary Calkins | first woman president of the American Psychological Association; creation of a method of memorization called the right associates method. |
Edward Titchener | structuralism, mind made of structures, objective introspection |
Wilhelm Wundt | 1832-1920; Field: structuralism, voluntarism; Contributions: introspection, basic units of experience; Studies: 1st psychological laboratory in world at University of Leipzig |
Rene Descartes | Dualist. Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom; advocated for the scientific method; Wrote "Discourse on Method"; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completely separate |