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#rdinhap
Chapter 4~ Sensation and Perception
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Audition | the sense of act of hearing |
| Bottom-up Processing | analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information |
| Conduction Hearing Loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
| Cones | retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions; detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations |
| Depth Perception | the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance |
| Feature Detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement |
| Figure-ground | the organization of the visual fields into objects that stand out from their surroundings |
| Frequency | the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time |
| Frequency Theory | in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, this enabling us to sense its pitch |
| Gestalt | an organized whole; the tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes |
| Kinesthesis | the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts |
| Middle Ear | the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window |
| Monocular | depth cues, such as interposition, relative height, relative size, relative motion, light and shadow, and linear perspective available to either eye alone |
| Opponent-Processing Theory | the theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) |
| Optic Nerve | the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| Parapsychology | the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis (telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition) |
| Phi Phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession |
| Pitch | a tone's experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency |
| Psychophysics | the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them |
| Retinal Disparity | a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance-the greater the disparity (distance) between the two images, the closer the object |
| Rods | retinal receptors that detect white, black, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond |
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves |
| Signal Detection Theory | a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background information (noise) |
| Subliminal | below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
| Top-down Processing | information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations |
| Weber's Law | the principle that, to be perceiveed as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage |
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rd117084
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