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Chapter 14 Social Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| agression | physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone |
| Altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
| Attitude | feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people & events |
| Attribution Theory | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition |
| Bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
| Central route persuasion | attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments & respond with favorable thoughts |
| Cognitive dissonance theory | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent |
| dissonance | discomfort |
| cognitions | thoughts |
| companionate love | the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
| Conflict | a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas |
| conformity | adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
| Culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas,attitudes, values & traditions shared by a group of people & transmitted from one generation to the next |
| deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness & self-restraint occurring n group situations that foster arousal & anonymity |
| discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group & its members |
| equity | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
| foot-in-the-door-phenomenon | tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
| frustration-aggression principle | the principle that frustration createes anger which can generate agression |
| frustration | the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal |
| fundamental attribution error | tendency for observers when analyzing another's behavior to underestimate impact of situation & to over estimate the impact of personal disposition |
| GRIT stands for | Graduated & Reciprocated Initiative in Tension-Reduction |
| GRIT | a strategy designed to decrease international tensions |
| Group polarization | enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
| Groupthink | mode of thinking when desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
| informational social influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality |
| ingroup | "us"- people with who we share a common identity |
| ingroup bias | the tendency for to favor our own group |
| just-world phenomenon | tendency for people to believe the world is just & that people therefore get what they deserve & deserve what they get |
| Mere exposure effect | phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimui increases liking of them |
| Mirror image perceptions | mutual views often held by conflicting people (as when each side sees itself as ethical & peaceful & views the other as evil & aggressive) |
| Norm | an understood role for accepted & expected behavior |
| normative social influence | influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or to avoid disapproval |
| other-race effect | tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races |
| other-race effect is also called | cross-race effect & own-race bias |
| outgroup | "them"- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup |
| passionate love | an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another |
| passionate love is usually present at the | beginning of a love relationship |
| peripheral route persuasion | attitude change path in which people are influence by incident cue (ex. speaker's attractiveness) |
| Personal space | the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies |
| prejudice | an unjustifiable attitude toward a group & its members |
| prejudice generally involves | stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings & a predisposition to discriminatory action |
| reciprocity norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them |
| role | a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
| scapegoat theory | the theory the prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
| self-disclosure | revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
| self-fufilling prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fufillment |
| social exchange theory | theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits & minimize costs |
| social facilliation | stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others |
| social loafing | tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable (tug of war) |
| social psychology | scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another |
| social trap | a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
| social-responsibility norm | an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them |
| stereotype | a generalized belief about a group of people. (sometimes accurate but overgeneralized) |
| superordinate goals | shared goals that override differences among people & require their cooperation |
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