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Upper Extremities
X-ray Upper Extremities
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many bones are in the hand and wrist? | 27 |
| What bones form the palm of the hand? | metacarples |
| what are the bones of the wrist? | carpals - Hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium, pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid |
| What are the 6 bone classifications? | Long bones, short bones, carpal bones, flat bones, Irregular bones, seasmoid bones |
| What is the first bone located on the proximal row and lateral side of the wrist? | scaphoid |
| In an AP projection of the thumb what is the angle of the CR to view the first metacarpal free of the seasmoid bone? | 10-15 degrees |
| What is the term for making a fist and what does it do when shooting a wrist x-ray? | Flexion and it decreased the OID |
| Where is your central ray during a PA projection of the wrist? | midcarpal area |
| What is the Stecher method aka PA Axial projection? | When either the wrist is angled or CR is angled 20 degrees to get the scaphoid by it's self |
| What projections clearly demonstrate the scaphoid? | PA ulnar Flexion and PA axial |
| What projection will correct foreshortening of the scaphoid? | PA ulnar deviation |
| How many bones are in the hand? | 19 |
| How many degrees rotation is needed for an oblique projection? | 45 |
| For a PA oblique projection of the first digit the hand is placed in the ... position. | Prone |
| where is the CR for a PA hand projection? | Third MCP joint |
| A Fx of the ulna with dislocation of the radial head is called a ... Fx. | Monteggia Fx |
| Where is the olecranon process located? | the proximal end of the ulna |
| The ... is located at the distal end of the radius, | styloid process |
| The ... is located at the head of the ulna | styloid process |
| what is the C shaped notch of the ulna called? | Trochlear Notch |
| What process is distal the trochlear notch? | coronoid process |
| what depression is located pm the lateral aspect of the coronoid process? | radial notch |
| What is located inferiorly to the neck of the radius on the medial side? | Radial tuberosity |
| the olecranon process makes up what? | the elbow |
| for a lateral wrist and or forearm the elbow must be flexed how many degrees? | 90 |
| Where is the Greater tubercle? | Lateral surface of the humerus just below the anatomic neck |
| What separates the Greater and Lesser Tubercle? | a depression called the intertubercular groove |
| what is on the anterior surface of the humerus where the tendon of the subscapularis muscle inserts it's self? | lesser tubercle |
| what is a periosteum? | dense fibrous membrane of a bone |
| what is a diaphysis? | shaft of long bone |
| where is yellow marrow found? | long bones |
| what is a foramen? | hole or opening in a bone |
| calcium salts do what? | infiltrate bone tissue |
| what is a fossa? | a pit or open cavity |
| What is a fissure? | narrow slit between bones |
| What is callus? | new formation of bone |
| What is included in the Appendicular skeleton? | limbs shoulders and pelvic gridle |
| what is included int the Axial Skeleton? | skull, vertebral column, ribs, stermum |
| In adults where is yellow bone marrow made? and where is red bone marrow made? | Yellow- long bones, red- flat bones |
| What is a bone composed of? (4 parts) | Compact bone- external portion, Peroseteum - outer covering, Cancellous bone - spongy bone, Medullary cavity - contains bone marrow |
| What is the epiphysis? | end of bone, secondary growth center |
| what is an epiphyseal plate? | cartalige between Epiphysis and the metaphysic until growth is complete |
| What type of joint is diarthrodial? | wrist |
| What type of joint is synoarthrodial? | sutures of the skull |
| what type of joint is amphiarthrodial? | distal tib fib joint |
| What is the largest joint in the body? | your knee |
| what are the 6 joint types? | ball and socket- hip, condyloid- radiocarpals of the wrist, saddle - thumb, hinge- toes , ankle, pivot - radioulnar joint, gliding - intercarpals of the wrist |
| what is a potts Fx? | a Fx of the distal end of the fibula |
| what is the most important thing when positioning a patient? | comfort |
| What is another name for scaphoid? | Navicular |
| what is another name for phalange? | Phalanx |
| Where are the sesamoid bones in the hand? | head of the first metacarpal |
| What are commonly known as knuckles? | metacarpal heads |
| What carpal articulates with the radius proximally? | lunate |
| the carpal sulcus protects what? | tendons of finger and median nerve |
| What is the largest carpal? | capitate |
| what is the largest proximal carpal? | scaphoid |
| what is an anatomic snuffbox? | the depression overlying the scaphoid when the thumb is abducted |
| what flow through the carpal canal? | medial nerve and flexor tendons |
| the radius is located on what side of the body? | lateral side |
| the ulna is located on what side of the body? | medial side |
| What is the entire distal end of the humerus called? | humeral condyle |
| the trochlea is on what side of the humerus? | the medial side |
| the capitulum is on which side of the humerus? | the lateral side |
| which is bigger the medial or lateral epicondyle? | medial |
| what is the depression superior to the trochlea? | the coronoid fossa |
| what is lateral to the coronoid process and proximal to the capitulum? | the radial fossa |
| what is the posterior fossa of the distal humerus? | olecranon fossa |
| Which neck is the proximal neck of the humerus? | anatomical neck |
| what kind of joint does the first digit have? | Interphalangeal joint (IP)/ synovia hinge |
| what kind of joints do the metacarpals have? | Metacarpalpophalangeal (MCP) / synovial ellipsoidal (condyloid) joint |
| The trochlea articulates with what? | the ulna at the trochlear notch |
| the capitulum of the humerus articulates with what? | the radial head |
| the humeroulnar and humeroradial articulations are what kind of joints? | synovial hinge joints. |
| what projection can you visualize three areas of fat associated with the elbow?? | Lateral projection |
| when are the supinator and anterior fat pads visible? | when elbow is flexed at 90 degrees in lateral position |
| what is a reliable way to determine elbow pathology? | posterior far pad |
| What breaks in a Bennett Fx? | the base of the first metacarpal |
| what breaks in a Boxer's Fx? | the neck of the metacarpal (4th or 5th) |
| Fx of the distal radius with posterior displacement? | Colles |
| Fx of the distal radius with anterior displacement? | Smiths |
| How big should cassette be for digit xrays? | 8x10 |
| In an x-ray of the thumb, Lewis suggests doing what to get rid of soft tissue in joint space? | angle the tube 10-15 degrees towards the wrist |
| Robert method says your CR should be angles how many degrees while shooting the first CMC joint? | 0 degrees |
| Burman method says you should do what to achieve what? | AP projection of the carpals with a tube angulation of 45 degrees towards the wrist. |
| What is used to diagnose skiers thumb? and what done? | The folio method, rubber band their thumbs around a roll of tape so you can see the angles of the MCP joints. |
| The Norgaard method is also known as what and where is the CR for this position? | AP projection of both hands CR is in the middle of both hands aka Ball catchers, shows AP oblique of both hands |
| Which projection of the wrist gives better visualization of the carpal interspace? | AP projection of the wrist |
| Where is a carpal boss located and how do you visualize it? | third CMC joint and with a lateral wrist with palmer flexion |
| What carpal is shown separate in a oblique wrist x-ray? | Pisiform |
| a tangential projection of the hand looks like what? | the posterior hand and wrist are flat on the IR with the CR angled 45 degrees towards the wrist so you can see the carpal bones |
| What is the Gaynor-Hart method and what does it do/look like? | Tangential projection that allows visualization of the carpal canal , anterior hand/ fingers against IR with wrist hyper extended outwards with CR angled 20-35 degrees along the axis of the forearm |
| what does the oblique elbow position show? | the coronoid process free of superimposition |
| What two projections are required when a lateral elbow x-ray cannot be obtained? | Distal Humerus and Proximal Forearm - partial flexion |
| Where do you collimate for an AP humerus projection? | 2 inches distal elbow joint, 2 inches superior shoulder joint and one inch on all sides |
| For a true lateral projection of the humerus what need to be superimposed? | the epicondyles |
| A medial rotation does what to the greater and lesser tubercles? | you aren't able to see it as well because it is superimposed |
| What is the shoulder girdle formed by? | clavicle and scapula |
| The shoulder girdle is completed in the front by what? | the sternum |
| the acromion process is part of what bone? | scapula |
| The curvature of what is more acute in males than in females? | Clavicle |
| what part of the scapula runs parallel with the vertebral column? | Medial border of the scapula |
Created by:
christina325
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