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Chapter 9 Developmental Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Accomodation | adapting our current understanding to incorporate new information |
| Adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence |
| Aggression | physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone |
| Assimilation | interpreting new experiences in terms of our existing schemas |
| Attachment | an emotional tie with another person |
| Attachment is demonstrated by | young children seeking closeness to their caregiver & showing distress on separation |
| Autism typically appears during | childhood |
| Autism | is marked by deficient communication, social interaction & understanding of others' states of mind. |
| Basic trust created by | Erik Erikson |
| Basic trust | a sense that the world is predictable & trustworhty |
| Basic trust is formed during | infancy by appropriate experiences & responses to caregivers |
| Cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering & communicating |
| Concrete operational stage | Piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events |
| concrete operational stage occurs between | 6 or 7 to 11 years of age |
| Conservation | principle that properties such as mass, volume & number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects |
| Conservation occurs during | Piaget's concrete operational stage |
| Critical Period | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organnism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development |
| Cross-sectional study | a study in which people of different ages, are compared with one another |
| Crystallized Intelligence | our accumulate knowledge & verbal skills |
| With age crystallized intelligence | increases |
| Developmental Psychology | a branch of psychology which studies physical, cognitive & social change throughout the lifespan |
| Egocentrism | the pre-operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view |
| Egocentrism is a part of | Piaget's theory |
| Embryo | developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month |
| Emerging Adulthood | a period of time from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence & full independence & adulthood |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | physical & cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. |
| In severe cases of FAS symptoms include | noticeable facial misproportions |
| Fetus | developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth |
| Fluid intelligence | our ability to reason speedily & abstractly |
| During late adulthood fluid intelligence | decreases |
| Formal operational stage occurs in | Piaget's theory at age 12 |
| Formal operational stage | is the stage of cognitive develop during which people being to thinking logically about abstract concepts |
| Gender | The biologically & social influence characteristics by which people define male & female |
| Gender Identity | our sense of being male or female |
| Gender role | a set of expected behaviors for males or for females |
| Gender typing | the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. |
| Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. (infants repeated exposure to a visual stimuli increases familiarity & they look away sooner) |
| Identity | our sense of self |
| Identity was defined by | Erikson as the adolescents task to solieify a sense of self by testing & integrating various roles |
| Imprinting | process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life |
| Intimacy | ability to form close loving relationships |
| Intimacy is | a primary developmental task in late adolescence & early adulthood in Erikson's theory |
| Longitudinal Study | research in which the same people are restudied & retested after a long period of time |
| Maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior- experience does not have an impact on maturation |
| Menarche | the first menstrual period |
| Menopause | natural cessation of menustration |
| menopause refers to women's | biological changes as her ability to reproduce declines |
| Object permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. |
| Pre-operational stage | during which a child learns to use language & does not yet comprehend the mental operations of cpncrete logic |
| Pre-operationals stage occurs in | Piaget's theory between 2 & 7 years of age |
| Primary sex characteristics | body structures that make sexual reproduction possible |
| Primary sex characteristics include | ovaries, testes & external genitalia |
| Puberty | period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing |
| Role | a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
| norm | an understood rule for accepted & expected behavior |
| schema | concept or framework that organizes & interprets informatin |
| secondary sex characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics |
| secondary sex characteristics include | body hair, male voice quality, female breasts & hips |
| Self-concept | all our thought and feeling about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?" |
| Sensorimotor Stage occurs in | Piaget's theory from birth to about 2 years |
| Sensorimotor stage | in which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions & motor activities |
| Social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood & retirement |
| Social identity | the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am i?" that comes from our group memberships |
| Social learning theory | theory that we learn social behavior by observing & imitating & by being rewarded or punished |
| Stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display |
| stranger anxiety begins at | 8 months of age |
| Temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity & intensity |
| Teratogens | agents, such as chemicals & viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development & cause harm |
| Testosterone | most important of male sex hormones which stimulate growth of sex organs in fetus & development of sex characteristics during puberty |
| Testosterone is found in | males & females |
| Theory of mind | people's ideas about their own and other's mental states- feelings, perceptions, thoughts & the behaviors they may predict |
| X chromosomes are found in | male & females |
| x chromosome | females have 2, males have 1 |
| y chromosomes are found in | males |
| xy produces a | boy |
| xx produces a | girl |
| Zygote | fertilized egg; enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division & develops into an embryo |
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mp129152
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