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Chapter 8 Motivation, Emotion, Stress & Health
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adaptation-level Phenomenon | our tendency to form judgments (light,sound,income) relative to a neutral level defined by prior experience. |
| Anorexia Nervosa | an eating disorder in which an individual diets & becomes significantly underweight, yet still feeling fat continues to starve. |
| Anorexia Nervosa is common among | Adolescent girls who are at least 15% underweight |
| Basal metabolic rate | the body's resting rate if energy expenditure |
| Behavioral Medicine | interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral & medical knowelgede & applies that knowledge to health & disease |
| Binge-Eating Disorder | significant binge eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust or guilt. |
| Bulimia Nervosa | Eating disorder characterized by episodes of over eating, usually of high calories foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise. |
| Cannon-Bard Theory | theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological response & subjective experience of emotion |
| Catharsis | emotonal release. |
| Catharsis Hypothesis | releasing aggressive energy through action or fantasy relieves aggressive urges |
| Drive-Reduction Theory | the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. |
| Emotion | a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors and conscious experience |
| Estrogens | Sex hormones, secreted in grater amounts by females than by males and contribute female sex characteristics. |
| Estrogen in nonhuman female mmamals | peaks during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity |
| Feel-good, do-good phenomeon | people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. |
| General Adaptation Syndrome | Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance exhaustion |
| Glucose | form of sugar that circulates in the blood & provide the major source of energy fro body tissues. |
| When glucose levels are low | we feel hunger |
| Hierarchy of Needs | Maslow's pyramid of needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs & then psychological needs become active |
| Homeostasis | tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, (such as blood glucose around a particular level) |
| Incentive | a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
| Instinct | a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species & is unlearned. |
| James-Lange Theory | theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological response to emotion-arousing stimuli. |
| Lymphocyte | two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system |
| B lymphocytes | form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infectins |
| T lymphocytes | form in the thymus & other lymphatic tsssue & attack cancer cells, viruses & foreign substances |
| Motivation | a need or desire that energizes & directs behavior |
| Refractory period | a resting period after orgasm, during which a man may not achieve another orgasm |
| Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) | study of how psychological, neural & endocrine processes together affect the immune system & resulting health |
| Relative Deprivation | the perception that we are worse off relative ti those with whom we compare ourselves |
| Set Point | point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. |
| When body falls below "weight thermostat" | and increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the weight. |
| Sexual Orientation | an enduring sexual attraction towards members of either one's own sex or the other |
| Homosexual oreintation | sexual attraction to members of own sex |
| Heterosexual orientation | sexual attraction to members of opposite sex |
| Sexual Response Cycle | Masters & Johnston four phases- excitement, plateau, orgasm & resolution |
| Stress | process by which we perceive & respond to certain events, called stressors the we appraise as threatening or challening |
| Females have less of the hormone | testosterone than men |
| Additional testosterone in males stimulates | sex organs in the fetus & development of sex characteristics during puberty |
| Two-factor Theory of emotion | Schachter-Singer Theory that to experience emotion one must be physically arouse & cognitively label the arousal |
| Type A | Friedman & Rosenman's term for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive & anger prone people. |
| Type B | Friedman & Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people. |
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