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Chapter 7 Cognition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acoustic Encoding | the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. |
| Amnesia | the loss of memory. |
| Automatic Processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information (space,time,frequency) and of well-learned information (meanings of words) |
| Chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically. |
| Deja Vu | the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. |
| Echoic Memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds & words may be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds. |
| Effortful Processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| Encoding | the processing of information into the memory system. (Example-extracting meaning) |
| Explicit Memory | memory of facts & experiences that one can consciously know & declare |
| Explicit Memory is also referred to as a | Declarative memory |
| Flashbulb Memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |
| Hippocampus is a | neural center in the limbic system |
| Hippocampus helps | process explicit memories for storage |
| Iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. |
| Imagery | mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. |
| Implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection |
| Implicit memory also called | non-declarative or procedural memory |
| Long-term memory | the relatively permanent & limitless storehouse of the memory system. |
| Long term memories in the memory system may include | knowledge, skills & experiences |
| Long-term potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a synapse's firing after brief, rapid stimulation. |
| LTP is believe to be a | neural basis for learning & memory |
| Memory | the persistence of learning over time through the storage & retrieval of information |
| Misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. |
| Mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery * organizational devices. |
| Mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. |
| Parallel Processing | the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing. |
| Priming | the activation; often unconsciously of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory or response. |
| Proactive Interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. |
| Recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier (fill-in-the-blank test) |
| Recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned (multiple choice test) |
| Rehearsal | conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it fro storage |
| Relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. |
| Repression | In Psychoanalytic theory- basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thought, feeling, & memories from consciousness. |
| Retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage. |
| Retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| Semantic Encoding | the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
| Sensory Memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| Serial Position Effect | our tendency to recall the first & last items on a list best |
| Short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly- before the information is stored or forgotten (7 digit phone number while dialing) |
| Source Amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined. |
| Source Amnesia is also called | Source misattribution |
| Source Amnesia & the misinformation effect are | at the heart of many false memories |
| Spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice |
| Storage | the retention of encoded information over time. |
| Visual Encoding | the encoding of picture images |
| Working memory | short-term memory that focuses on conscious active processing of incoming auditory &visual-spatial information, and information retrieved from long-term memory |
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