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Chapter 6 Learning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acquisition in classical conditioning | Initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus & an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. |
| Acquisition in operant conditioning | the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
| Associative learning | Learning that two events occur together. |
| Associative learning in classical conditioning | Events may be two stimuli |
| Associative learning in operant conditioning | Response & it's consequences |
| Behaviorism | view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |
| Today most research psychologists believe behaviorism is | an objective science |
| Biofeedback | System for electronically recording, amplifying & feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological stage- such as blood pressure or muscle tension |
| Classical Conditioning | a type of learning which one learns to link two or more stimuli & anticipate events |
| Cognitive Map | mental representation of the layout of one's environment.- exemplified by after exploring a maze rat's act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer |
| Conditioned reinforcer also known as | secondary reinforcer |
| Conditioned Response | (Classical Conditioning) the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus. |
| Conditioned Stimulus | (Classical Conditioning) an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| Continuous Reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| Discrimination in classical conditioning | the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus & stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| Discriminative Stimuluus | (Operant conditioning) a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement. |
| Extinction- classical conditioning | the diminishing of a conditioned response- when an uncpnditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stumulus |
| Extinction-operant conditioning | the diminishing of a conditioned response- when a response is no longer reinforced. |
| Extrinsic Motivation | a desire to perform behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishments. |
| Intrinsic Motivation | a desire to perform behavior effectively for its own sake. |
| Fixed-Interval Schedule | (operant conditioning) reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule | (operant conditioning) a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| Generalization | tendency once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
| Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation.- Infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to visual stimuli their interest wanes. |
| Higher-order conditioning | conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. |
| Insight | a sudden & often novel realization if the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. |
| Latent Learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| Law of Effect | Thorndike's Principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
| Learned Helplessness | the hopelessness & passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
| Learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| Mirror Neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.- The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation & empathy. |
| Modeling | the process of observing & imitating a specific behavior. |
| Negative Reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response.- Negative reinforcer is not a punishment. |
| Observational Learning | learning by observing others |
| Observational learning is also called | social learning |
| Operant Behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| Operant chamber | also known as Skinner Box |
| Operant Chamber | (Operant conditioning Research)- box containing a bar or key than an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. |
| Operant Conditioning | type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by punisher. |
| Partial(intermittent) Reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time |
| Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement results in | slower acquisition & of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |
| Positive Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli. ex. food. |
| A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that | when presented after a response, strengthens the response |
| Primary Reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
| Prosocial behavior | positive, constructive,helpful behavior.- opposite of antisocial behavior |
| Punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
| Reinforcer | (operant conditioning)- any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| Respondent Behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| Shaping | operant conditioning procedure- which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer & closer approximation s of the desired behavior |
| Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| Unconditioned Response | (Classical Conditioning)- the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus. (ex. salivation when food is in mouth) |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | (Classical conditioning)- a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally & automatically triggers a response. |
| Variable-interval schedule | (operant conditioning)- a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
| Variable-ratio schedule | (operant conditioning)- a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
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