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#mpappalardoap
Chapter 4 Sensation & Perception
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absolute threshold | the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time |
| Accommodation | process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina |
| Audition | the sense or act of hearing |
| Binocular cues | depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes |
| Blind Spot | the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are located there |
| Bottom-up processing | analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information |
| Change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment |
| Cochlea | a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve imupulses |
| Cochlear Implant | a device for converting sounds into electrical signals & stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea |
| Conduction Hearing Loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves into the cochlea |
| Cones | retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center or the retina |
| Cones function in | daylight or in well-lit conditions. They detect fine detail & give rise to COLOR sensations. |
| Depth perception | ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strive the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance |
| Difference threshold | the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time |
| We experience the difference threshold as a | just noticeable difference |
| Extrasensory Perception | the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input |
| Extrasensory perception includes | telepathy, clairvoyance & precognition |
| Feature detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus,such as shape, angle or movement |
| Figure-Ground | the organization of the visual field into objects(figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground). |
| Fovea | central focus point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster |
| Frequency | the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a give time; example- per second |
| Frequency Theory | in hearing; theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch |
| gestalt | an organized whole |
| Gestalt Psychologists emphasized | our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes |
| Grouping | perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups |
| Hue | dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light |
| Inattentional Blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| Inner ear | the innermost part of the ear |
| Inner ear contains | cochlea, semicircular canals & vestibular sacs |
| Intensity | the amount of energy in light or sound wave, as determined by the wave's amplitude |
| We perceive intensity as | brightness or loudness |
| Iris | a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eve around the pupil |
| Iris controls | the size of the pupil opening |
| Kinesthesis | the system for sensing the position & movement of individual body parts |
| Lens | the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
| Three little bones found in the middle ear between the eardrum & cochlea include | stirrup, hammer & anvil |
| Middle ear | the three tiny bones concentrate the vibration of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window |
| Monocular Cues | depth cues, such as interpostinn & linear perspective, available to either eye alone |
| Opponent-Processing Theory | that opposing retinal process enable color vision |
| opponent processing theory opposing retinal processes include | red-green yellow-blue white-black |
| Optic Nerve | nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain |
| Parallel processing | processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision |
| Parapsychology | the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP & psychokinesis |
| Perception | process of organizing & interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects & events |
| Perceptual Constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination & retinal images change |
| Perceptual Constancy refers to consistent | shape,size,lightness & color |
| Perceptual Set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing & not another |
| Phi Phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on & off in quick succession |
| Pitch | a tone's experienced highness or lowness |
| Pitch depends on | frequency |
| Place Theory | in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulate |
| Priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory or response |
| Psychopyhsics | study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as intensity & our psychological experience of them |
| Pupil | the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
| Retina | light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods & cones plus layers of neurons that begin processing visual information |
| Retinal Disparity | binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance- the greater the disparity between the two images the closer the object. |
| Disparity | difference |
| Rods | retinal receptors that detect BLACK, WHITE & GRAY |
| Rods are necessary for | peripheral & twilight vision, when rods don't respond |
| Selective Attention | the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
| Sensation | process by which our sensory recepetors & nervous system receive & represent stimulus energies from our environment |
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss | hearing loss caused by damage to cohlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves |
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss is also called | nerve deafness |
| Sensory Adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
| Sensory Interatction | the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste |
| Signal Detection Theory | theory predicting how & when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). |
| Signal Detection Theory assumes | there is no single absolute threshold & that detection depends partly on a person's expectations, experience, motivation & alertness. |
| Subliminal | below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness |
| Top-down Processing | information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience & expectations |
| Transduction | conversion of one form of energy into another. |
| Example of transduction in sensation | transforming of stimulus energies such as sights, sounds & smells into neural impulses our brains intepret |
| Vestibular Sense | the sense of body movement & position, including the sense of balance |
| Visual cliff | a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants & young animals |
| Young-Hekmholtz trichromatic theoery | theory that our retina contains three different color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which when stimulate in combination, can produce the perception of any color |
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