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Chapter 3 Biological Basis of Behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Action Potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |
| Adrenal glands are a pair of | endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys |
| Adrenal glands secrete | norepinephrine & epinephrine hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress |
| Amygdala | two lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion |
| Aphasisa | impairment of language |
| Aphaisa is commonly caused by | damage to the left hemisphere either to the Broca or Wernicke's area |
| Association Areas | areas of cerebral cortec that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions |
| association areas are involved in | higher mental functions- learning, remembering, thinking & speaking |
| Autonomic Nervous System is a part of the | Peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs. Sympathetic division arouses; parasympathetic division calms |
| Axon | extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers. Messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. |
| Behavioral Genetics | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. |
| Biological Psychology | branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology & behavior |
| Some biological psychologists call themselves | behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologist or biopyschologists |
| Brainstem | oldest part & central core of the brain; begins where the spinal cord swells as it enter the scull |
| Brainstem is responsible for | automatic survival functions |
| Broca's Area controls | language expression & directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
| Broca's area is located in the | left frontal lobe |
| Central Nervous System includes | the brain & spinal chord |
| Cerebellum or | "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem. |
| Cerebellum functions include | processing sensory input & coordinating movement output & balance |
| Cerebral Cortex | intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemisphere |
| Cerebral Cortex is | the body's ultimate control & information-processing center |
| Chromosomes | threadlike structures of DNA molecules that contain genes |
| Cognitive neuroscience | interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition |
| Cognitive neuroscience invludes | perception, thinking, memory & language |
| Computed tomography | |
| Consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| Coropus Callosum is responsible for | carrying messages between the two brain hemispheres |
| Corpus Callosum | large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres |
| dendrites are | bushy, branchy extensions of a neuron |
| dendrites | receive messages & conduct impulses toward the cell body |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up chromosomes |
| Dual processing | principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious & unconscious tracks |
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface |
| EEG Waves are measured by | electrodes placed on the scalp |
| Endocrine System also known as the | body's slow chemical communication system |
| Endocrine System | a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
| Endorphins also noted as | morphine within |
| Endorphins are | natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure |
| Environment | every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people & things around us |
| Evolutionary Psychology | study of the roots of behavior & mental processes using the principles of natural selection |
| Fraternal Twins | twins whom develop in separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers & sister, but they share a fetal environment |
| Frontal Lobes | portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead |
| Frontal lobes involve | speaking & muscle movements & in making plans/judgements |
| Functional MRI or | FMRI |
| Functional MRI | technique for revealing bloodflow and brain activity by comparing successive MR scans.- show brain function |
| Genes | biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein |
| Genome | complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes |
| Glial cell are found in the | nervous system |
| glial cells | support, nourish and protect neurons |
| Heritability | proportion of variation among individuals that we may attribute to genes |
| heritability of a trait may be dependent on | range of populations & environments studied |
| Hormones | chemical messengers which travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues |
| Hormones are manufactured by the | endocrine glands |
| Hypothalamus is | a neural structure lying below the thalamus |
| hypo | below |
| hypothalamus directs | eating, drinking, body temperature, governs the endocrine system through the pituary gland & is linked to emotion/reward |
| Identical twins | develop from a single fertilized egg which splits in two |
| identical twins are | genetically identical |
| Interaction | interplay that occurs between one factor and another. - Environment on Heredity |
| Interneurons | neurons within the brain & spinal chord that communicate internally & intervene between the sensory inputs & motor outputs. |
| Lesion | tissue destruction- brain lesions are naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue |
| Limbic System is a | doughnut-shaped neural system including: the hippocampus, amygdala & hypothalamus located bewlow the cerebral hemispheres |
| Limbis system is associated with | emotions & drives |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | technique using magnetic fields & radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. |
| MRI'S Show | brain anatomy |
| Medulla controls | heartrate & breathing |
| Medulla is at | the base of the brainstem |
| Molecular Genetics | sub-field of biology which studies the molecular structure & function of genes |
| Motor Cortex | an area at the rear of the frontal lobes |
| Motor cortex controls | voluntary movements |
| Mutation | random error in gene replication taht leads to a change |
| Myelin sheath | Layer of fatty tissue encasing fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impules as the impulse hops from one node to the next |
| Natural selection | principle that among the range of inherited trait variations; those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
| Nerves | bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands & sense organs |
| Nervous system | body's speed electrochemical communication netwrok, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral & central nervous systems |
| Neurogenesis | formation of new neurons |
| Neuron | a nerve cell; basic building block of the nervous system |
| Neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by sending neurons, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse & bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron |
| neurotransmitters influence | whether neurons will generate a neural impusle |
| occipital lobes | portion of cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head |
| Occipital lobes include | areas which receive information from visual fields |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | division out autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserves energy |
| Parietal Lobes | portion of cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head & toward the rear |
| Parietal lobes | receive sensory input for touch & body position |
| Peripheral Nervous System | sensory & motor neurons which connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
| Pituitary gland | under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth & controls other endocrine glands |
| Pituitary gland is most influential on the | endocrine system |
| Plasticity | brain's ability to change, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience |
| Plasticity is most prominent during | childhood |
| Positron Emission Tomography also referred to as | PET |
| PET | visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain is performing a given task |
| Reflex | a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response |
| Reticular Formation | a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal |
| Reuptake | a nerotransmitter;s reabsorption by sending the neuron |
| Sensory Cortex is an | area at the front of the parietal lobes |
| Sensory Cortex | registers & processes body touch & movement sensations |
| Sensory Neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain & spinal chord |
| Somatic Nervous System | division of peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles |
| somatic nervous system also called | skeletal nervous system |
| Split brain | condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them |
| Split Brain surgery typically cuts | fibers of corpus callosum |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | division of autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
| Synapse | junction between the azon tip of the sending neuron & the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.- tiny gap is called synaptic gap or cleft |
| temporal lobes | portion of cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears |
| temporal lobes include | auditory areas; each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear |
| Thalamus | brain's sensory switchboard- it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex & transmits replies to the cerebellum & medulla |
| Thalamus is located | on top of the brainstem |
| Threshold | level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse |
| Wernicke's Area located in | left temporal lobe |
| Wernicke's Area | controls language reception- involved in language comphrension & expression |
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