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Chapter 2 Research Methods
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Case study | observation technique in which one person is studied in depth |
| Case studies strive to reveal | universal principles |
| Confounding variable | a factor other than the independent variable which may produce an effect on the experiment |
| Control Group | the group that is not exposed to the treatment |
| Control groups serve as | a comparison for evaluating the treatments effect |
| Correlation | a measure of the extent to which twp factors vary together and how two factors predict one anothe |
| Correlational Coefficent | a statistical index of the relationbetween two things |
| Correlational coefficent is between | -1 and +1 |
| Critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept aruments & conclusions |
| Critical thinking examines | Assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence & assesses conclusions |
| Culture | enduring behaviors, ideas,, attitudes & values and traditions shared by a group of people and are transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Debriefing | the post experimentation explanation of a study, including its purpose & any deceptions to it's participants |
| Dependent variable | the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
| Double- blind procedure is commonly used in | drug-evaluation studies |
| Double-blind procedure | experimental procedure in which both the participants and research staff are ignorant about whether the participants have received the treatment or a placeboo |
| experiment | research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect some behavior or mental process |
| Random assignment allows experimenter to | control other relevant factors |
| experimental group | group that is exposed to treatment- one version of independent variable |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to believe after learning the result that one would have foreseen it |
| hindsight bias is also called the | i-knew-it-all-along phenomenon |
| hypothesis | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
| illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship, where none exists |
| informed consent | an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to whether they wish to participate in the experiment |
| mean | obtained by adding scores & then dividing by the number of scores |
| median | the middle score of a distribution; half the scores are above & half are below |
| mode | most frequently occurring score |
| Naturalistic observation | observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation |
| normal curve also known as | normal distribution |
| normal curve | bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of date; most scores fall near the mean & fewer & fewer near the extremes |
| operational definition | a statement of the procedures used to define the research variables |
| placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition which the patient assumes is an active agent |
| population | all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn |
| population does not refer to country's whole population besides in | national studies |
| random assignment | assigning participants to experimental & control groups by chance |
| random assignment minimizes | preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups |
| random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of incluion |
| range | a difference between highest & lowest scores in a distribution |
| replication | repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants/circumstances |
| replication typically involves | different participants in different situations |
| scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the value of two variables, slope suggests the direction of the relationship between two variables |
| little scatter indicates | high correlation |
| standard deviation | a computed measure of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
| survey | a technique for finding the self-reported attitudes of or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group |
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mp129152
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