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abnormal psych 4
test 4: chs 13pt2, 14, 15, 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Twin studies show a higher rate of linked schizophrenia with | monozygotic twins |
| Likelihood that two members of a family will both develop a disorder is called the | Concordance Rate |
| How is dopamine linked to Schizophrenia | Dopamine hypothesis: excess dopamine activity may cause schizophrenia |
| What drug class can help with (dopamine-linked) schizophrenia | Neuroleptic drugs like Haldol |
| How does the brain deteriorate with Schizophrenic patients | They show ventricular enlargements (enlarged spaces in areas of the brain) and cerebral atrophy (shrinkage) or neuronal loss |
| Give example of cognitive markers of Schizophrenia | Schizophrenics show information processing deficits, problems in sustaining attention, recall and memory and visual processing |
| Who proposed Double- Bind Theory | Bateson |
| Which social class is most affected by Schizophrenia | lower socioeconomic levels, among people in the poorest areas of large cities |
| What is the drift theory | schizophrenics cannot function elsewhere except in the lower class environment, therefore they drift to the lower classes |
| What is called when inherited tendencies are combined with the impact of stressors in an interaction with genetics and environment | The diathesis-stress model |
| How do you prevent one with the “genetics” for schizophrenia to developing it | a supportive family environment; positive environment |
| What happened in the 1950’s that changed treatment for schizophrenia | new anti-psychotic drugs became available; neuroleptics: antipsychotic meds (thorazine) |
| What medication is most beneficial for schizophrenia | Neuroleptics/ antipsychotic meds (Haldol) |
| What is milieu therapy | the patients exercise wide range of responsibilities in decision making and managing their activities; make decisions for themselves |
| What are neuroleptics | Anti-psychotics; like Haldol and thorazine |
| Amphetamines decrease or increase schizophrenia | Amphetamines increase the level of dopamine; excessive dopamine activity is associated with schizophrenia, Biogenic school of thought |
| What is the Cognitive behavioral theory | emphasizes communication skills and assertive training |
| What is integrated psychological therapy | identifies specific cognitive difficulties and remedies them; ie retrieving appropriate information to respond to social cues |
| Define cognitive disorders | These disorders are presumed to be caused by transient or permanent dysfunctions of the brain, affecting the thinking process, memory and other brain functions |
| What do Neuropsychological tests assess | functions like memory and manual dexterity (hand-eye coordination) |
| What is diachisis | a lesion in a specific area of the brain which disrupts other intact areas |
| What is Endogenous Brain Damage | brain damage caused by something within the person such as insufficient blood oxygen, which destroys brain cells |
| What is Exogenous Brain Damage | brain damage caused by an external factor such as a blow to the head |
| What is Diffuse Damage | generalized and widespread brain damage |
| WHERE is specific brain damage | Localized |
| HOW long does acute brain damage last | It is temporary and reversible |
| HOW long does chronic brain damage last | It is permanent and irreversible |
| If you can’t find any brain damage, what is most likely the problem then | Cognitive disorder; but can be schizophrenia |
| Describe the Cognitive disorders –Dementia | Symptoms include impairment of memory and decline of cognitive functioning |
| Describe the Cognitive disorders –Delirium | Symptoms include impairment in consciousness and disorientation, Thinking becomes disorganized; Delirium can be caused by general medical conditions, substance abuse and high fevers due to viral infection of the brain |
| Describe the Cognitive disorders –Amnestic Disorders | Symptoms include memory impairment in learning new information or remembering past events; The most common cause is Wernicke’s Encephalapathy |
| What is trauma | a physical wound or injury to the brain |
| How does damaged tissue affect the brain | The greater the tissue damage, the more impaired the functioning will be |
| What are head injuries classified as- concussion | Caused by a blow |
| What are head injuries classified as- contusion | Shift in the brain |
| What are head injuries classified as- laceration | Tearing of brain tissue |
| What are the symptoms of head injuries | headaches, dizziness, nausea and personality changes |
| A man has a sudden stop of blood flow to a part of his brain, what is about to happen to him | A stroke |
| What could cause a stroke | Breakage or blockage of a blood vessel or arteriosclerosis |
| What is senile dementia | Natural brain cell deterioration (loss) due to aging |
| What % of the population is dementia accountable to Alzheimer’s Disease | 80% Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease |
| What is atrophy | Shrinkage/deterioration of brain tissue |
| How is Acetylcholine involved | Reduced levels (or lack of) in the brain are a causative factor of Alzheimer’s Disease |
| Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease | muscular tremors, stiff gait which gets progressively worse |
| Lesions are found where in the brain (Parkinson’s disease) | in the motor area of the brainstem |
| What neurotransmitter is involved (Parkinson’s disease) | Dopamine |
| What is the first sign of AIDS | Dementia may be the first sign, including inability to concentrate or perform complex mental tasks |
| What is Neurosyphilis | Viral disease which directly damages the brain or nervous system, resulting in general paresis (psychosis) |
| What is Meningitis | disorder is caused by inflammation of the meninges (little blood vessels) of the brain due to bacteria, virus or fungi |
| What is huntington’s chorea | A genetically transmitted disorder with symptoms including (dance-like) jerky, rapid and repetitive movements |
| What is Epilepsy | This disorder is characterized by intermittent and brief periods of altered consciousness with seizures due to excessive electrical discharge of the brain cells |
| Describe the Seizure types of Epilepsy | Grand Mal: (common, dramatic) seconds to hours; Petite Mal: seconds, unaware, disappear with age, meds; Jacksonian: spreads from one area, brain lesion; Psychomotor: lose consciousness during normal-appearing behavior |
| What is the “aura” (Epilepsy) | In grand mal seizures, noise patient hears before seizure |
| What psychoactive substance (drug) can cause cognitive disorders | PCP and LSD |
| What are “major” treatments to brain disorders | Medication |
| How do we test mental retardation | IQ tests |
| Know the difference in levels of mental retardation | 50-70 is mild; 35-50 is moderate; 20-35 is severe; and 0-20 is profound What are the 3 causes of mental retardation |
| What chromosome pair is responsible for Down Syndrome | Chromosome 21 |
| What birth defect does amniocentesis detect | Down Syndrome (trichromosomy 21) What programs exist for Mentally Retarded individuals |
| What is a pervasive developmental disorder defined as | Severe childhood disorders that affect psychological functioning in the areas of language, social relationships, attention, perception and affect |
| Timmy, 3 mos; exhibits odd behaviors such as crying when he is touched and a preference for being alone; What could Timmy possibly be diagnosed with | Autism |
| What are some symptoms of Autistic Disorders | Impaired social interactions including lack of interest in others, body postures, gestures, facial expressions, lack of awareness of other people’s identity |
| According to the Psychoanalytic Theory, what can cold and unresponsive parenting lead to | Autism |
| How do the Central Nervous System and Autism relate | Many organic conditions are associated with autism that suggests CNS impairment |
| What treatments have shown to be effective when dealing with Autistic patients | Behavior modification has been helpful and effective but takes too long; drug therapy has mixed results; very difficult to treat, though token economy shows some success |
| When does improvement tend to occur in a child with ADHD | Between ages 16 and 21 |
| What type of approach is needed when treating ADHD | A combined approach including medication and behavior therapy |
| What are the symptoms of Conduct Disorder | Persistent patterns of anti-social behaviors that violate the rights of others, including fighting, temper tantrums, lying, fire setting, assaults, rape, and truant behavior |
| What is conduct disorder a precursor to in adulthood | (anti-social) Personality disorder |
| What are the two types of Conduct Disorder | Childhood unset and adolescent onset |
| What can be used to treat Conduct Disorder | Role model training, role-playing and teaching videotapes to help develop social skills; parent training; Cognitive training appears to be promising |
| In which childhood disorders does anxiety play a role | separation anxiety disorder, avoidant disorder and over-anxious children |
| What are major causes of childhood depression | Abuse or neglect |
| What are the symptoms of tic disorders | involuntary, repetitive and non-rhythmic movements |
| Mackenna is six years old and her parents have noticed that one of her arms twitches and she has slight facial spasms along with involuntary barking sounds, She should be diagnosed with a chronic tic disorder; True or False | False, Tourette’s |
| What are primary factors in producing tic disorders | Anxiety and stress |
| What does the learning theory state | conditional avoidance responses initially evoked by stress become habitual through reinforcement when they reduce anxiety; practice the tic forcibly until they are sick of it |
| What are the two elimination disorders | Enuresis (Habitual urination during day or night in one’s clothes, bed or on the floor) and encopresis (Repeated defecations into one’s clothes, floor or bed) |
| A Person who starves themselves/herself by not eating suffers from | Anorexia nervosa |
| Who introduced Electroconvulsive Therapy | Cerletti and Bini |
| What type of patients should ECT be used with | Severely psychotic patients; it’s a very severe treatment that can cause seizures |
| What is a prefrontal lobotomy | A psychosurgery no longer used in the US; cutting the nerve fibers between the frontal lobes and hypothalamus (center of emotion in brain), causing a relaxed state in the patient |
| What type of anti-anxiety drugs were used before the 1950s | Barbiturates |
| What drugs are currently used to treat anxiety | Anti-anxiety drugs; benzodiazepines like Librium, valium and Xanax |
| What type of drug reduces psychotic symptoms, especially in schizophrenia | Chloropromozine (thorazine) |
| What new anti-psychotic medication has been developed to have fewer side effects | Haldol |
| Which two drugs have been found to be effective in treating depression | Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and tricyclics |
| What is used to treat bipolar disorders | Lithium |
| Lithium increases serotonin and nor-epinephrine in the synapses, True or False | False; decreases them |
| Define psychopharmacology | The study of the effects of the drugs on behavior and the brain |
| What is psychotherapy | the systematic application of the techniques and psychology principles by a trained person for the helping of troubled people |
| What are the two approaches to psychotherapy | Insight-oriented and action-oriented |
| Who founded psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud |
| What is the aim of psychoanalysis | To make conscious what is unconscious by uncovering repressed materials |
| What are the four methods used by psychoanalysts; what is involved in these methods | Free Association & Dream Analysis (dreams are a road to the unconscious, with manifest and latent parts; latent contents are investigated); Analysis of Resistance; Transference & Counter-transference; Interpretation |
| What do humanistic and existential therapies emphasize | self-actualization, free will, responsibility |
| Carl Rogers founded what therapeutic technique | Person-centered therapy |
| Who founded Gestalt therapy | Fritz Perls |
| What does Gestalt therapy emphasize | a person’s totality of experience |
| What are the classical conditioning techniques | Systematic desensitization (go to for anxiety treatment), flooding, implosion, aversive conditioning |
| What is the token economy | Tokens are exchanged for privileges; can be taken away as punishment; used to treat anti-social personality disorder and in prisons |
| Modeling works best with what type of people | Phobic persons |
| Describe cognitive restructuring; What therapy is it a part of | Used in cognitive-behavioral therapy to change a client’s irrational self-defeating and distorted thoughts and attitudes with positive and appropriate ones |
| By using biofeedback therapy can learn to control what type of behaviors | Type A |
| What are the guiding principles in resisting stress | Practice; Preparation Against Harm; Reduction of Ambiguity; Social Reassurance & Support |
| What type of technique was used to find that treated patients show more improvements than untreated ones | Meta-analysis technique |
| What are benefits to group therapy | Save time and money; best way to deal with interpersonal problems; therapist can see real-life and interpersonal responses and group members can gain social and communication skills |
| What are some draw backs to group therapy | Cannot give intense attention to individual problems; loss of sense of intimacy between therapist and client |
| What approaches are used in family therapy | System (aims to improve organization of family) and communication (aims to increase effective and positive communications) |
| What is therapeutic eclecticism | the process of selecting concepts, methods and strategies from a variety of current theories which are effective |
| Three most useful techniques for _____ are practiced preparation, reduction of ambiguity, and reliance on social support | Resisting stress |
| What is Double- Bind Theory | a child receives two contradictory messages from the parents or caregivers and thus develops a false conception of reality. |
| What is Encephalitis | brain inflammation due to viral infection. |
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selfstudy08
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