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PSY 401
Early American Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to James, Primary and secondary memory are similar to what? | Short term and Long term memory |
| Which of the following best describes the James-Lange Theory of Emotion, applied to when we experience an emotionally charged stimulus? | Physiological change, then conscious change |
| According to James, we can access deep reserves of energy if we: | Continue to push ourselves even after we feel like we have reached our limit when working on a task (second wind) |
| Describe William James' early life. | Born into a very prestigious family. Henry James Sr. was his father who hired private tutors for all his children while growing up. He was a theologian and despite his great affluence, he was rather anti-materialistic. |
| Describe William James' professional career | Went on an expedition to Brazil with Louis Agassiz. Later became an MD. Fell into a deep depression and then became an advocate for free-will. |
| Explain some of William James' firsts in psychology. | Developed the first psychology course in America, "Relations between psychology & physiology", and also developed the first psych lab in America at Harvard 1875. He was a popular lecturer who was also the first American prof to ask students for evals. |
| What happened when Henry Holt asked James to write a psychology textbook? | It took James 12 years after, but in 1890 "Principles of Psychology" was published. Later on in that decade, "Psychology: Briefer course" and "Talks to Teachers" were published. |
| What is individualism? | The importance of individual experience |
| What are Jamesian Pluralistic Methodologies? | ~Questionnaire method. ~Structuralism (Brass instrument psychology). ~Comparative Psychology. ~Psychic research. |
| James on Free Will. | Wrote the essay "Dilemma of Determinism" (1884) and then coined the terms Hard determinism and Soft determinism. |
| What is hard determinism? | The notion that any action is the result of a long chain of prior causes and that free will is an illusion. Every event happens the way it is supposed to happen and there is no deviation from the result |
| Soft determinism? | The notion that the future is unknown. A person's action helps determine the future |
| From James' inquiries on the issues moralism, what are easy-going vs. strenuous lifestyles? | Relaxing & not pushing yourself to the limit, vs. challenging yourself. |
| From James' "Energies of Men" (1907), describe the notion of Second Wind. | Deep stores of energy that we can access within ourselves, even when we thought we had none left for a task. |
| James believed the Self to be divided into three parts: Material, Social and Spiritual. Describe these. | 1. Your possessions are a part of yourself 2. We have a different social self for each person we know & behavior is dependent on context. 3. Spiritual self is internal and the basis of morality. |
| James and Carl Lange both were interested in emotion. Briefly, what is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion? | Bodily changes occur before perception of emotion. "We feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, and afraid because we tremble." |
| James and Lange both believed that an individual can control their emotions. How did they describe this process? | "To feel cheerful, sit up cheerfully, look around cheerfully, and act as if cheerfulness were already there." |
| James' theories on memory. | ~Primary memory ~Secondary memory ~tip-of-the-tongue phenomena |
| William James on Habits | Habits are established through purpose, strenuous life and brain plasticity (grooves). |
| Granville Stanley Hall made a lot of first contributions to the field of psychology. What are some of his early contributions? | He had the first PhD in Psychology and established a psych lab at Johns Hopkins (1878). A few years later he established the 1st American psychology journal. After becoming 1st pres of Clark Uni, Hall also became the 1st APA president. |
| What are some of Hall's later contributions to psychology? | He was the first to introduce psychoanalysis to America. Later wrote a few articles about the minds of children and adolescence, establishing the concentration Developmental Psychology. He was also the first to put forth the notion of Psych of Religion. |
| Who was Hugo Munsterberg? | Received his PhD from Wundt and became an MD. Later replaced James as director of Harvard Lab. Munsterberg is said to have represented a good split between German psychology and American psychology. |
| Explain some of Munsterberg's contributions to Applied Psychology? | Wrote the essay "The Photoplay" as one of the earliest examples of film theory & psychology of movies. |
| Explain some of Munsterberg's contributions to Clinical psychology. | Authored the book "Psychotherapy", which emphasized a directive approach which was characterized as therapist-centered, directive, and motivational. He emphasized individual differences, and disliked the theory of unconscious motives. |
| Munsterberg's contributions to legal psychology. | Authored "On the Witness Stand." (1908). He suggested that criminal behaviors are resulted from environment. He also studied guilt. |
| Munsterberg's contributions to industrial psychology? | Wrote "Psychology and Industrial Efficiency" (1913)which emphasized the psychology pf employee selection and marketing/advertising - claiming that repetition increases public awareness. |
| Munsterberg's overall view of psychology? | Psychological traits have underlying physiological processes. |
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cassidylm34
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