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Chapter 9
Psyc 121
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| developmental psychology | branch of psychology that studies how people change over the lifespan |
| zygote | the single cell formed at conception from the union of the egg cell and sperm cell |
| chromosome | a long, thread-like structure composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA; found in the cell nucleus |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | the double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic instructions; the chemical basis of heredity |
| gene | a unit of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions for making a particular protein molecule; the basic unit of heredity |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an individual organism |
| allele | one of the different forms of a particular gene |
| sex chromosomes | chromosomes, designated as X or Y, that determine biological sex; the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans |
| phenotype | the observable traits or characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetics and environmental factors |
| epigenetics | the study of cellular mechanisms that control gene expression and of the ways that gene expression impacts health and behavior |
| prenatal stage | the stage of development before birth; divided into the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods |
| germinal period | the first two weeks of prenatal development |
| embryonic period | the second period of prenatal development, extending from the third week through the eighth week |
| teratogens | harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus |
| stem cells | undifferentiated cells that can divide and give rise to cells that can develop into any one of the body's different cell types |
| fetal period | the third and longest period of prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth |
| temperament | inborn predispositions to consistently behave and react in a certain way |
| attachment | the emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver(s), especially his or her parents |
| comprehension vocabulary | the words that are understood by an infant or child |
| production vocabulary | the words that an infant or child understand and can speak |
| gender | the cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity or femininity |
| gender roles | the behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture |
| gender identity | a person's psychological sense of being male or female |
| social learning theory of gender-role development | the theory that gender roles are acquired through the basic processes of learning, including reinforcement, punishment, and modeling |
| gender schema theory | the theory that gender-role development is influenced by the formation of schemas, or mental representations, of masculinity and femininity |
| sensorimotor stage | In Piaget's theory, this is the first stage of cognitive development from birth to about age 2; the period during which the infant explores the environment and acquires knowledge through sensing and manipulating objects |
| object permanence | the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen |
| preoperational stage | In Piaget's theory, the second stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about age 2 to age 7; characterized by increasing use of symbols and prelogical thought processes |
| symbolic thought | the ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world |
| egocentrism | In Piaget's theory, the inability to take another person's perspective or point of view |
| irreversibility | In Piaget's theory, the inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations |
| centration | In Piaget's theory, the tendency to focus, or center, on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects of the situation |
| conservation | In Piaget's theory, the understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged, as long as nothing is added or subtracted |
| concrete operational stage | In Piaget's theory, the third stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about age 7 to adolescence; characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations |
| formal operational stage | In Piaget's theory, the fourth stage of cognitive development, which lasts from adolescence through adulthood; characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations |
| zone of proximal development | In Vgotsky's theory of cognitive development, the difference between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent |
| information-processing model of cognitive development | the model that views cognitive development as a process that is continuous over the lifespan and that studies the development of basic mental processes such as attention, memory, and problem solving |
| adolescence | the transitional stage between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood, during which sexual maturity is reached |
| puberty | the stage of adolescence in which an individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction |
| primary sex characteristics | sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as uterus, ovaries, penis, and testicles |
| secondary sex characteristics | sexual characteristics that develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction but differentiate between the sexes, such as male facial hair and female breast development |
| adolescent growth spurt | the period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increases in height and weight |
| menarche | a female's first menstrual period, which occurs during puberty |
| identity | a person's sense of self, including his or her memories, experiences, and the values and beliefs that guide his or her behavior |
| moral reasoning | the aspect of cognitive development that has to do with how an individual reasons about moral decisions |
| emerging adulthood | in industrialized countries, the stage of lifespan from approximately the late teens to the mid to late twenties, which is characterized by exploration, instability, and flexibility in social roles, vocational choices, and relationships |
| menopause | the natural cessation of menstruation and the end of reproductive capacity in women |
| activity theory of aging | the psychosocial theory that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain the level of activity they displayed earlier in life |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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