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UNIT 3 psych chp 2-5
Easter holidays CHAP 2-5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Consciousness | the awareness of objects and events in the external world, and of our own existence and mental experiences at any given moment |
| Normal waking consciousness | state of consciousness associated with being awake and aware of one’s thoughts, memories, feelings and sensations from the outside world |
| Divided attention | occurs when we are required to perform two (or more) tasks at the same time and attention is required for the performance of both (all) the tasks |
| Content limitations | The type of information held in our normal waking consciousness is more restricted or limited. |
| Controlled process | when information-processing involves conscious alert awareness and mental effort focused on achieving a particular goal |
| Stroop effect | interference in the reaction time of a task. When the name of a color is printed in a color not denoted by the name, naming the color of the word takes longer and is more prone to errors than when the color of the ink matches the name of the color |
| Perception | The processes that organize information in the sensory image and interpret it as having been produced by properties of objects or events in the external, three-dimensional world. |
| Time orientation | the state of being oriented with the time and the movement of time |
| Self control | the ability to exercise restraint or control over one's feelings, emotions, reactions etc. |
| Meditation | a technique that involves altering one’s state of consciousness by focusing attention or thoughts on a single internal stimulus |
| Electroencephalograph (EEG) | a device that detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the brain |
| Brain waves | spontaneous electrical activity emitted by the brain; four types of brain waves associated with different states of consciousness or activities are alpha, beta, theta and delta waves |
| Galvatic skin response | A change in the ability of the skin to conduct electricity, caused by an emotional stimulus, such as fright |
| State of consciousness | level of awareness of one’s internal state and external events |
| Selective (focussed) attention | choosing and attending to a specific stimulus to the exclusion of others |
| Cocktail party effect | We choose to what we selectively pay attention to, but can be aware of some other stimuli, ie, we can divide our attention. |
| Awareness | Ones perception and cognitive reaction to a condition or event |
| Automatic process | when information-processing involves little conscious awareness and mental effort, minimal attention, and does not interfere with the performance of other activities |
| Altered state of consciousness | Any state of consciousness that is distinctly different from normal waking consciousness, in terms of level of awareness and experience, and the quality or intensity of sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings and memories that are experienced. |
| Cognition | Processes of knowing, including attending, remembering, and reasoning; also the content of the processes, such as concepts and memories |
| Emotional awareness | awareness of one's own and other's emotions |
| Daydreaming | a short-term detachment from one's immediate surroundings, during which a person's contact with reality is blurred and partially substituted by a visionary fantasy |
| Sleep | a regularly occurring altered state of consciousness that typically occurs spontaneously and is primarily characterised by a loss of conscious awareness |
| Polysomnography | an intensive study of a sleeping person involving simultaneous monitoring and recording of various physiological responses during sleep |
| Electro-oculargram (EOG) | a device that measures eye movements or eye positions by detecting, amplifying and recording electrical activity in eye muscles that control eye movements |
| Sleep diary | a record of an individual’s sleep and waking time activities over a period of time |
| Frequency | In brain waves the amount of times the brain waves occur |
| Beta wave | Brain waves when wide awake - |
| Theta wave | Brain waves when in early stages of sleep - |
| REM sleep | sleep that occurs at intervals during the night and is characterized by rapid eye movements, more dreaming and bodily movement, and faster pulse and breathing. |
| Circadian rhythm | The natural pattern of physiological and behavioral processes over 24-hour period. (sleep-wake cycles, body temperature, blood pressure, and the release of hormones) Controlled by the biological clock |
| Sleep debt | accumulated nightly sleep loss that is owed and needs to be made up |
| Survival theory | an explanation of the purpose of sleep that proposes that sleep evolved to enhance survival by protecting an organism, making it inactive during the part of the day when it is most dangerous to move about |
| Sleep deprivation | going without sleep |
| Total sleep deprivation | being kept awake for days or weeks |
| Sleep disorders | a disturbance of the normal sleep pattern |
| Electromyograph (EMG) | a device that detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of muscles |
| Self report | a participant’s written or spoken responses to questions, statements or instructions presented by the researcher; see questionnaire and interview |
| NREM sleep | a recurring sleep state during which rapid eye movements do not occur and dreaming does not occur; accounts for about 80% of normal sleep time |
| Amplitude | in relation to brain waves, the intensity of brain waves as shown by the size of the peaks and troughs of the brain wave pattern from a baseline of zero activity |
| Alpha wave | Brain waves described in 'relaxed awareness' |
| Delta wave | Brain waves when in deep sleep |
| Sleep-wake cycle | the species-specific biological pattern of alternating sleep and wakefulness, in humans roughly 8 hours of nocturnal sleep and 16 hours of daytime activity. |
| Sleep-wake cycle shift | in adolescence, a shift forward of the normal onset time of the sleep period, resulting in sleepiness at a later time |
| Restoration theory | an explanation of the purpose of sleep that proposes that sleep provides ‘time out’ to recover from and repair the wear and tear on the body caused during waking time |
| REM rebound | the lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of rapid eye movement sleep which occurs after periods of sleep deprivation |
| Partial sleep deprivation | When a person sleeps too little for many days or weeks |
| Microsleep | a very short period of drowsiness or sleeping that occurs while a person appears to be awake |
| Central nervous system (CNS) | The brain and the spinal cord |
| Cerebral cortex | the coiled outer layer of the brain’s cerebral hemispheres involved with information-processing activities (perception, language, learning, memory, thinking and problem-solving) as well as the planning and control of voluntary bodily movements |
| Corpus callosum | a band of nerve tissue that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres enabling the exchange of information and coordination of their activities |
| Association cortex/association areas | an area of the cerebral cortex where information from different brain areas is combined and integrated to perform more complex functions; they are found in all four lobes of each cerebral hemisphere |
| Motor areas | an area in each of the frontal lobes that is involved in the planning and control of voluntary bodily movements; also called motor cortex |
| Primary motor cortex | a strip of neural tissue at the rear of the frontal lobe of each cerebral hemisphere that is specifically involved in controlling voluntary bodily movements through its control of skeletal muscles |
| Parietal lobe | one of the four lobes in each cerebral hemisphere of the brain; receives and processes sensory information from the body and other sensory areas in the brain; also involved in spatial perception and memory |
| Phineas Gage | Remebered for survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe, and therefor his personality and behavior —effects profound |
| Temporal lobe | one of the four lobes in each cerebral hemisphere of the brain; primarily involved with hearing, but also plays an important role in memory and other mental processes |
| Wernickes area | a specialised area usually in the left temporal lobe that is involved with comprehending the sounds of human speech |
| Primary visual cortex | primary visual cortex neural tissue in the occipital lobe that receives and processes visual information from the eyes |
| Brain stem | the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. |
| Spinal cord | a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain. The brain and spinal cord together make up the CNS |
| Aphasia | an umbrella term for language disorders, often used more specifically to refer to a language disorder apparent in speech (comprehension or production), writing or reading produced by injury to brain areas specialised for these functions |
| Wernickes aphasia | a speech impairment resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area and involving difficulties with speech comprehension and in producing fluent speech |
| Split-brain surgery | surgical cutting of the corpus callosum and sometimes other connecting nerves to separate the two cerebral hemispheres |
| Ethics | The rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the psychologists |
| Respect for persons | The psychologists must respect the privacy, confidential information and autonomy of clients. |
| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | all parts of the nervous system that lie outside the central nervous system; links the central nervous system to all other parts of the body |
| Cerebral hemispheres | the two almost-symmetrical ‘halves’ of the brain called the left and the right cerebral hemispheres; separated by a groove running from the front to the back of the brain, connected at several points by the corpus callosum and other smaller nerve strands |
| Cortical lobes | four anatomical areas of the brain, or divisions of each cerebral hemisphere, called the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes; each lobe is associated with different sensory and motor functions and more complex mental functions |
| Sensory areas | The primary sensory areas are the main cerebral areas that receive sensory information from nerve projections. |
| Frontal lobe | the largest of the four lobes in each cerebral hemisphere, which occupies the upper forward half of each hemisphere and is involved in higher mental abilities |
| Brocas area | Broca's area is one of the main areas of the cerebral cortex responsible for Speech Production, Facial Neuron Control, Language Processing |
| Primary somatosensory cortex | a strip of neural tissue in the parietal lobe of each cerebral hemisphere that receives and processes information from the skin and body,- perception of bodily sensations, touch, pressure, temperature, and info about muscle movement and position of limbs |
| Phantom limb syndrome | the perception of sensations, in a limb that has been amputated. People experience feelings in the limb as if it were still attached to their body. The brain continues to receive messages from nerves that originally carried impulses from the missing limb. |
| Primary auditory cortex | an area in each temporal lobe that receives and processes sounds from the ears |
| Occipital lobe | one of the four lobes in each cerebral hemisphere of the brain; primarily involved in vision |
| Hemispherical specialization | studies the various attributes of the human brain's hemispheres. The human brain has 2 spheres, therefore, these two are studied separately and together in a unit |
| Integrity | an ethical value demonstrated in the commitment by the researcher to the honest and ethical conduct and reporting of research |
| Spinal reflex | A spinal reflex is an automatic, rapid response to a stimulus. The action is involuntary and occurs without any involvement of thought or the brain. It occurs through a neural pathway called the reflex arc. Signals come directly from motor neurons |
| Brocas aphasia | a non-fluent type of aphasia that is commonly associated with verbal apraxia, relatively good auditory comprehension, agrammatic speech, and poor repetition. The location of Broca’s area is in the left hemisphere of the brain |
| Spacial neglect | common syndrome following stroke, mainly of the right side of the brain. Patients fail to be aware of objects or people to their left. can see all the items in a scene, but have problems allocating attention correctly over these objects |
| Beneficence | ethical value promoting research that maximises possible benefits of the research, while minimising risks of harm or discomfort to the participants |
| Justice | avoid discriminating unfairly against people on the basis of age, religion, sexuality, ethnicity, gender, disability, or any other basis proscribed by law |
| Somatic nervous system | one of two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the central nervous system and motor information from the central nervous system |
| Paraplegia | Complete paralysis of the lower half of the body including both legs, usually caused by damage to the spinal cord |
| Autonomic nervous system | a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system with the body’s internal organs and glands, providing feedback to the brain about their activities; many of its functions are self-regulating |
| Sympathetic nervous system | a division of the autonomic nervous system that activates nerves, glands and visceral muscles (blood vessels, heart and intestines) in times of stress or threat |
| Dendrites | any of the short branched threadlike extensions of a nerve cell, which conduct impulses towards the cell body |
| Sensory (afferent) neurons | a nerve cell that conducts impulses from the peripheral NS of the body to the central NS |
| Interneurons | A nerve cell found entirely within the central nervous system that acts as a link between sensory neurons and motor neurons |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals within the nervous system that transmit information from or between nerve cells |
| Quadriplegia | Paralysis of all four limbs |
| Biofeedback | teaches an individual to control muscle tension, pain, body temperature, brain waves, and other bodily functions and processes through relaxation, visualization, and other cognitive control techniques |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system that keeps the systems of the body functioning efficiently and restores the body to a state of calm by reversing the direction of the bodily changes activated by the sympathetic nervous system |
| Effectors | an organ that produces an effect in response to nerve stimulation |
| Motor (efferent) neurons | nerve cells that convey movement impulses that stimulate or inhibit muscles or glands |
| Receptors | a sensory nerve ending that responds to various stimuli. |
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