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Unit 2, chapter 4-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Germinal Period | prenatal development first two weeks after conception. Includes creationof zygote, cell division, and attachment of zygote to uterine wall. >100 cells after 1 week. |
| Blastocyst | inner layer of cells that develops during germinal period, and cells later develop into embroyo. |
| Trophoblast | Outer layer of cells tha develops in the germinal period; provide nutrution and support for the embroyo. |
| Embroyonic Period | two to eight weeks after conception. life support system formed, major organs develop, limbs. |
| Fetal State | 9th week to birth. characterized by sexual development, brain growth, body growth and fat storage |
| Amnion | life support system (bag or envelop) contains a clear fuid in which the developing embryo floats |
| umbilical cord | 2 arteries, 1 vein. connects baby to placenta. |
| placenta | disk shaped group of tissues, small blood vessels from mother and baby intertwine |
| organogenesis | organ formation that takes place during first two months of prenatal development. |
| Fetal Period | prenatal period development that begins two months after conception. |
| Teratogen | any agent that can potentially causea birth defect or negatiavely alter congnitive and behavioral outcomes |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | cluster of abnormalities; mother drinks heavily |
| doula | caregiver who porvides support before, during and after birth |
| natural childbirth | reduce mothers pain via education and relaxation techniques |
| prepared childbirth | "Lamaze" also includes special breathing technique to control pushing at the end of birth |
| Apgar scale | assessment of health of newborns |
| postpartum period | after childbirht when mother adjusts both physically and psychologically. lasts for about 6 weeks. |
| epigenetic view | development reflects an interchange between heredity and environment. |
| down syndrome | extra chromosome to cause retardation and physical abnormalities |
| Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) | extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities |
| Fragile X | An abnormality in the X chromosome can cause mental retardation, learning disabilities or short attention span. |
| Turner Sundrome (XO) | missing x chromosome in females can cause mental retardation and sexual underdevelopment. |
| XYY | an extra Y chromosome can cuase above average height |
| PKU Phenylketonuria | Metabolic disorder that left untreated, causes mental retardation |
| Triple screen | blood test given early in pregnancy, screens for abnormalities. |
| Chorlonic Villi Sampling (CVS) | like amnio sample, 10th and 12th week, earlier option that amniocentesis. Tests placenta tissue ((cornial??spelling) |
| Amniocentesis | 15th to 18th week, prenatal testing |
| Infertility | unable to conceive after 12 monhts of intercourse with no contraception |
| Periods of development | 1-2 Germinal 3-8 Embroyo 9-38 Fetal |
| Age of viability | the point of which a fetus might be able to survive outside the uterus. |
| Lightening | head first position at birth |
| Oxytocin | medication to bring on contractions |
| Braxton Hix | contracts felt during final weeks |
| Birth Processes | Stage 1 contractions to full dilation Stage 2 baby passes through cerv opening into vaginal openingStage 3 umblical cord and placenta are expelled |
| Vernix | greasy substance |
| Lanugo | fine hair |
| Kangaroo care | lots of time on a mother's chest |
| Postpartum Psychosis | delusions and loss of contract and reality |
| Brain development | 25% weight at time of birth |
| Myelnation | protection and coding around the nerve |
| Transient exuberanc | tremendous growth af connections between neurons |
| Lateralization | specialization of functions within a hemisphere. Right--emotion. Left--language comprehension. Frontal lobes--voluntary movement and thinking, organize, analyze |
| Reflexes | sucking, rooting, swallowing, moro, grasping, stepping, Babinski, swimming |
| Cephalocaudal | development from head first |
| Proxinodistal | development for middle first, then outer extremeties |
| Palmar Grasp | 2-4 months. Grab with hand. |
| Pincer grasp | 8 months. Pinching |
| Motor skills: rolling over | 3 months |
| Motor skills: sitting without support | 6 months |
| Motor skills: holding onto furniture | 10 months |
| Motor skills: walking independently | 12 months |
| nutrition | breast is best, 2/3 right after birth, 1/3 by 4th month |
| Benefits of breast milk | cholostrum, nutrition, immunity, cognative development |
| Malnutrition: Maramus | disease in which infants stop growing in hte first year due to a lack of protein and calories |
| Malnutrition: Kwashkorkor | severe protein deficiency, 1-3 years of age, abdomin swells, face and legs too |
| SIDS | unexpected death in sleep |
| Risk facts of SIDS | smoking, sleep on back, smothering and neurological |
| Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist Scheme: | an organized pattern of behavior and through |
| Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist Adaptation: | adjusting to the environment |
| Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist Adaptation: 2 processes: | assimilation process--incorporation of new information into existing schemes |
| Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist Adaptation: 2 processes: | Accomodation process-process by which new information adjusts, refines or epends or existing ideas |
| Piagets Sensormotor substage; Babies Body: substates 1 and 2, | birth to 4 months, primary circular (repetitive) motions, reflex activity |
| Piagets Sensormotor substage; Babies Body: substates 3 and 4, | 4-12 months, secodondary circular reactions, outside the body and combinging schems and permanence |
| object permenence | at 3.5 months, studied by Renee Baillargion |
| Piagets Sensormotor substage; Babies Body: substates 5 and 6, | thinking and acting, 12-24 months, Tietary circular reactions "little scientist", beginning of thought and end of sensorymotor period. |
| memory | retaining information over time |
| infantile amnesia | inability to remember anything from 1st 3 years of life |
| Development Quotient | a score indicating progress in development, used in Bayley Scales of Infoant Development (yields mental, motor and behavioral data) |
| Visual cliff measures | fear and depth perception |
| Intermodel perception | integrating informaiton from 2 or more sensory modalities (hearing and vision) |
| language development | communication based on a system of symbols |
| how do adults talk to babies? | child directed speech |
| Milestones: crying | birth onward |
| Milestones: cooing | 1-2 months; vowel sounds |
| Milestones: babbling | 6 months, repeated vowels or consonants |
| Milestones: comprehension and gestures | 8-12 months |
| Milestones: 1st words | ave 13 months |
| Milestones: two word utterance | 12-24 months |
| Milestones: telegraphic speech, short precise communication | around 18 months, with an explosion of vocabulary |
| Biological Underpinning: Broca's area | an area in the brain's left frontal lobe involved in speech production |
| Biological Underpinning: Wernicke's area | an area in the brain's left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension |
| Language acqusition device (LAD) | Chomsky's term that describes a biological endowmen that enables the child to detect the features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax and semantics. |
| Environmental influeces: Behavioral | Reinforcedment Skinner modeling |
| Interaction View | language learning occurs in a social environment |
| What does apgar test? | one and 5 minutes; heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, reflex irritability |
| adaptation | adjusting to new environmental demands |
| schemes | actions or mental representations that organize knowledge |
| assimilation | children use existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences |
| accommocation | children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account |
| organization | grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher order system |
| equilibrium | mechanism by which children shift from one state of thought to the next |
| sensorimotor state | birht to about 2 years of age: infants construct an understanding of hte world by coordinating sensory experiences with physican and motoric actions. |
| aphasia | loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain damage. |
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