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AP Psych Unit 12
Chapter 15: Abnormal Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychological Disorders | Deviant, dysfunctional, and distressful behavior patterns indicate a disorder |
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
| Inattention | Distractability, forgetfulness, disorganization which are characteristics of ADHD |
| Hyperactivity | Fidgeting, restlessness, and not staying seated at school, excessive talking which are characteristics of ADHD |
| Impulsivity | Difficulty taking turns, interrupting, blurting out answers while questions are being asked which are characteristics of ADHD |
| Deviant | One of the 3 D's that determines when a behavior becomes qualifies as a psychological disorder that is marked by thoughts and behaviors that are different from normal cultural expectations |
| Distressful | One of the 3 D's that determines when a behavior becomes qualifies as a psychological disorder that is marked by the fact that the behavior or thought causes the individual stress. |
| Dysfunctional | One of the 3 D's that determines when a behavior becomes qualifies as a psychological disorder that is marked by an inability to 1. care for oneself 2. inability to hold a job 3. inability to create relationships with others |
| Medical Model | The concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these illnesses can be diagnosed and then cured with therapy |
| Psychopathology | Another term that means mental illness |
| DSM-5 | American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.Focuses on classifying symptoms, diagnostic labels, and prevalence within the U.S. |
| Philippe Pinel | Pinel was the creator of the medical model who advocated for a medical approach that involves the diagnosis of and then the treatment of each specific psychological disorder |
| Anxiety Disorders | Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or manipulative behaviors that reduce anxiety. Include Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Phobias, and Panic Disorder |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorders | An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal |
| Panic Disorder | An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long-episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations |
| Phobias | An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | In the category of disorders known as Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders and it is characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and or actions (compulsions) |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | In the category of disorders known as Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience |
| Dose-Response Relationship | Rates of who get PTSD depends on what type of traumatic event they overcome |
| Survivor Resiliency | Individuals who are able to experience stressful traumatic situations without succumbing to PTSD |
| Dissociative Disorders | Disorders in which a person appears to experience a sudden loss of memory or change in identity |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | Dissociative disorder in which individuals claim to have at least two or more distinct identities that alternately control the person's behavior with memory impairment across the different personality states. |
| Mood Disorders | Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. Now split into two categories including Bipolar and Related Disorders as well as Depressive and Related Disorders. |
| Major Depressive Disorder | A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks or significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities |
| Mania | A state marked by an extreme high in which an individual is hyperactive, and full of wild optimism and exhibits erratic behavior. Normally a symptom of bipolar disorder. |
| Bipolar Disorder | A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania |
| Suicide | Drastic condition in which a patient makes a permanent solution to fix an often temporary problem. It is a condition to be concerned about particularly with patients suffering from major depressive disorder |
| Depression | Also known as major depressive disorder |
| Self-Defeating Beliefs | Thought to be a large part of major depressive disorder. Patients with depression have self-defeating beliefs about their abilities which prevents them from seeing their worth and value |
| Negative Explanatory Style | The idea that patients with major depressive disorder explain things in a negative way. |
| Schizophrenia | A group disorder characterized by a loss of reality (psychosis) with symptoms that include disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions (hallucinations), catatonia, and inappropriate emotions and actions. |
| Delusions | False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders |
| Hallucinations | False perceptions that are not real are a positive symptom of schizophrenia |
| Positive Symptoms | Added symptoms that take place in schizophrenia that are associated with acute onset and are treated with classical antipsychotics |
| Negative Symptoms | Symptom of schizophrenia in which the patient is missing something a normal individual would have. I.E. a normal individual would have emotion and body movement, a patient with negative symptoms of schizophrenia would be apathetic, w/o emotion, catatonia |
| Personality Disorders | Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring patterns of behavior that impair social functioning |
| Avoidant Personality Disorder | A personality disorder in which an individual is hypersensitive to social rejection and thus "avoids" being in social situations |
| Schizoid Personality Disorder | A personality disorder in which an individual avoids building social relationships and seems uninterested in people. |
| Histrionic Personality Disorder | A personality disorder in which an individual has a need for attention and often has very shallow social relationships |
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder | A personality disorder characterized by a preoccupation with oneself and an exaggerated sense of importance |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | A personality disorder in which an individual exhibits impulsive and unstable behavior. |
| Somatoform Disorder | Series of disorders in which psychological problems create physical conditions |
| Factitious Disorder | Group of disorders in which individuals make up conditions or symptoms in order to get attention typically from individuals who are authority figures such as doctors. |
| Biopsychosocial Approach | The modern perspective that psychological disorders exist for a variety of reasons. A person is influenced by their biology, their thoughts and behaviors, and by their environment. We must examine all facets of a patient's life in order to diagnose them |
| Posttraumatic growth | Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises. |
| Hypervigilance | Associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, it is when a patient's irrational beliefs and experiences make them more aware of every detail of their environment, can be distracting and anxiety producing. |
| Linkage Analysis | Tracing a psychological disorder and whether or not it appears across several generations of a family. It help determines whether there are genetic links to psychological disorders. |
| Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) | Behaviors include burning or cutting the skin, hitting oneself, pulling hair out, inserting objects under the nails or skin, and self-administered tatooing in an effort to gain relief from negative thoughts or gain attention. |
| Psychosis | A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions |
| Selective attention | Our way of filtering out other sensory stimuli so that we can focus and give our undivided attention to one thing. Some psychologists think a lack of selective attention is to blame for the disorganized thoughts patients with schizophrenia suffer from |
| Inappropriate emotions | Exhibiting the incorrect emotion based on the social situation. Is a symptom of schizophrenia. For instance laughing at a funeral. |
| Eating disorders | A category of psychological disorders in which a person struggles to manage caloric intake in an appropriate way. |
| Anorexia nervosa | An eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight (by at least 15 percent). It is a perceptual issue and the individual maintains control by controlling caloric intake and exercise. |
| Bulimia nervosa | An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually high calorie foods) with purging behaviors (laxatives, vomiting, excessive exercise) or fasting. |
| Binge-eating disorder | An eating disorder in which a person binge eats typically high calorie foods, which is followed by distress, disgust, or guilt but without the purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa |
| Antisocial personality disorder | A personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. |
| Immigrant paradox | First generation immigrant children often outperform second and third generation children in school and are less likely to suffer from psychological disorders, despite linguistic and cultural barriers putting them at an initial disadvantage. |
| Dissociative Amnesia | A dissociative disorder in which a person forgets important information about themselves. It is normally localized and it is likely to be temporary, brought on by extreme stress, and can be treated. |
| Depersonalization Disorder | A dissociative disorder in which a person has a loss of connection from their physical body. Often described as persistent experiences of "out-of-body" sensations. |
| Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Is a category of disorders that develop throughout childhood and often prevent normal development. Important examples include Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, and Intellectual Disabilities |
| Neurocognitive Disorders | Is a category of disorders in which the primary deficit is in cognitive function, and that are acquired rather than developmental. So the person had normal cognitive function then began to lose it over time. Includes dementia and NCD due to Alzheimers. |
| Somatoform Disorders | Is a category of disorders in which psychological issues create physical bodily symptoms including pain. Includes factitious disorders, somatic symptom disorder (hypochondraisis), and conversion disorder |
| Trauma-Stressor Related Disorders | Involve disorders in which an individual struggles to cope with a traumatic event. The most notable disorder is known as PTSD |
| Rosenhan Study | Rosenhan did an experiment to see how well psychologists were at determining sanity vs insanity. Fake patients were in hospitals and it was determined that psychologists cannot reliably determine sanity. Points out the negative power of diagnostic labels. |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)/Dysthymic Disorder | A mood disorder with symptoms that mirror depression such as hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness. However, the symptoms are not as severe. However the symptoms persist for an extended period of time for at least two years. |
| Paranoid Personality Disorder | An individual experiences unwarranted suspicion and mistrust of other people |
| Schizotypal Personality Disorder | A disorder in which a person experiences social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior |
| Dependent Personality Disorder | A disorder characterized by excessive reliance on others & reluctance to make independent decisions |
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