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AP Psych Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hindsight bias | term used to explain the tendency of people to overestimate their ability to have predicted an outcome that could not possibly have been predicted |
| Illusory Correlation | the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists |
| Scatter plots | visual representations of the relationships or associations between two numerical variables, which are represented as points(or dots), each plotted at an x and y axis - does not define variables as dependent or independent |
| Statistical significance | A mathematical technique to measure whether the results of a study are likely to be true - calculated as the probability that an effect observed in a research study is occurring because of chance |
| Personal space | the area surrounding an individual that is perceived as private by the individual, who may regard a movement into the space by another person as intrusive-vary somewhat in different cultures, general 3 feet around individual |
| Gender role | Gender role is a set of expectations held by society about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender |
| Cognitive neuroscience | academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes, addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by the brain |
| Inattentional blindness | the failure to notice a fully-visible, but unexpected object because attention was engaged on another task, event, or object |
| Night terrors | A disorder that interrupts your sleep. Individuals wake overcome by fear and an increased heart and respiratory rate. Unlike nightmares, night terrors do not occur in REM and there is no recollection of a bad dream |
| REM rebound | when you have a chance to fall asleep after sleep deprivation you have a tendency to get more REM sleep than you would normally get. This is your body's way of trying to catch up on its REM sleep |
| Near-death experience | the sensations reported by people who have come close to dying or were clinically dead for a period of time - report having feelings of total peace or extreme fear, like being in a tunnel, seeing or going towards a light, having an awareness of being dead |
| Primary sex characteristics | body structures that are specific to sex - females have ovaries whereas men have testes - related to reproduction |
| Secondary sex characteristics | the physical features other than reproductive organs that distinguish men from women - nonreproductive sexual characteristics such as breasts (on females) and an adam's apple on men |
| Cross-sectional study | type of study in which people of different ages are examined at the same time(s) - usually done with cohorts, so that researchers can examine how people of different ages perform, behave, or respond to a particular function |
| Longitudinal study | people are studied and restudied over a period of time - design is good for looking at the effects or changes over a long period of time, usually as people age |
| Place theory | refers to how sound is received and perceived by the human ear and how sound waves affect different areas of the tympanic membrane to create the perception of different types of sounds |
| Frequency theory | states that there are pulses that travel up the auditory nerve, carrying the information about sound to the brain for processing, and that the rate of this pulse matches the frequency of whatever tone you are hearing exactly |
| Kinesthesis | an ability to sense body position and the movement of muscles, tendons, and joints (moving between parked cars) |
| Vestibular sense | the body's set of mechanisms that monitor and adjust the body's sense of balance and orientation to the world - what keeps the body upright while standing, sitting or walking and is primarily located in the inner ear |
| Phi phenomenon | lights next to each other blinking on and off in succession appear to actually move (string of lights across a house) |
| Parapsychology | study of paranormal phenomenon - occurrences that appear to violate scientific laws - in some cases, people who experience paranormal phenomenon may be considered mentally ill or delusional but Parapsychologists would not agree with that in all cases |
| Associative learning | learning that two different events occur or happen together |
| Higher order conditioning | classical conditioning-a situation in which a stimulus that was neutral(a light)is paired with a conditioned stimulus (tone that has been conditioning with food to produce salivating)to produce the same conditioned response as the conditioned stimulus |
| Cognitive Map | mental representation of the layout of one's environment (directions to your house) |
| Imagery | formation of any mental pictures - we can enhance the processing of information into the memory system |
| Mood-congruent memory | when humans store memories, they not only store the event, but they also store a memory of the mood they were in at the time |
| Misinformation effect | when we witness an event and then get some incorrect information about that event, we incorporate that incorrect information (misinformation) into our memory of the event resulting in an altered memory of the event |
| Source amnesia | inability to remember from where existing knowledge was acquired - believed to be caused by a sort of disconnect between semantic memory and episodic memory |
| Belief perseverance | tendency to reject convincing proof and become even more tenaciously held when the belief has been publicly announced to others |
| Intuition | person's capacity to obtain or have direct knowledge and/or immediate insight, without observation or reason - "gut feeling" you get |
| Telegraphic speech | speech that sounds very much like a telegram, has words arranged in an order that makes sense, and contains almost all nouns and verbs - occurs at about age 2 (get milk) |
| Aphasia | inability to use language appropriately and may include problems speaking language, hearing language, and reading language - usually results from damage to parts of the brain such as Broca's area or Wernicke's area |
| Linguistic determinism | human language limits and determines human thought patterns and knowledge. This concept makes an assumption that language both reflects and limits human mentality and its ability to make cross-cultural connections |
| Factor analysis | type of statistical procedure that is conducted to identify clusters or groups of related items (called factors) on a test |
| Emotional intelligence | an understanding of how words, actions, facial expressions and body language affect interactions and relationships between people |
| Stereotype threat | when worry about conforming to a negative stereotype leads to underperformance on a test or other task by a member of the stereotyped group (i.e., men, women) |
| Feel good, do good phenomenon | you are more likely to help other people when you are already in a good mood |
| Relative deprivation | when you have the perception that you are worse off than these other people you compare yourself to |
| Self concept | the total of your thoughts and feelings that define your "self" as an object |
| Social cognitive perception | we learn behaviors through observation, modeling, and motivation such as positive reinforcement, strengthened if someone models a behavior he or she has seen rewarded |
| Reciprocal determinism | according to Albert Bandura, a person's behavior is both influenced by and influences a person's personal factors and the environment |
| External locus of control | more likely to believe that his or her fate is determined by chance or outside forces that are beyond their own personal control |
| Internal locus of control | you believe that you control your own destiny and that your behaviors are under your control |
| Spotlight effect | our tendency to think that other people are watching us more closely than they actually are |
| Eclectic approach | combines aspects of two or more different approaches to meet the needs of a client |
| Meta-analysis | a research strategy where instead of conducting new research with participants, the researchers examine the results of several previous studies |
| Central route of persuasion | focuses on facts and the content of the message in order to convince the listener, as opposed to relying on peripheral factors like the personality of the speaker, or how the message was delivered |
| Peripheral route of persuasion | when someone evaluates a message, such as an advertisement, on the basis of physical attractiveness, background music, or other surface-level characteristics rather than the actual content of the message |
| Deindividualization | people will do things in groups they otherwise would not because they feel less responsible for their actions and less like an individual |
| Scapegoat theory | people may be prejudice toward a group in order to vent their anger |
| Just-world phenomenon | the tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| Frustration-aggression principle | frustration can produce feelings of anger, which in turn can generate feelings of aggression and aggressive behavior |
| Mere exposure effect | you begin to like something simply because you are exposed to it over and over again |
| Self-disclosure | refers to times when you share very private, intimate secrets about yourself with another person |
| Social-responsibility norm | refer to the expectations, responsibilities, and behaviors we adopt in certain situations |
Created by:
msperl999
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