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S & P
The Ear
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two definitions of sound? | Physically, sound is pressure changes in the air known as "sound waves". Perceptually, sound is the experience we have when we hear. |
| What happens as amplitude increases? | Sound will perceptually get louder. |
| What is the human range for frequency? | 20-20,000 Hz for young people. Pitch is subjective. |
| What is presbycusis? | Loss of high frequency perception with age. |
| Function of the Outer ear | Collect and funnel soundwaves towards the inside of the ear. |
| Function of the Middle ear | Transfer vibrations from outer ear to inner ear. |
| Function of the Inner ear | Transduce vibrations into neural signals |
| What are the muscles associated with the acoustic reflex? | Tensor tympani - attached to the ear drum. Stapedius - attached to the stapes. |
| Function of ossicles | Ossicles act to amplify the vibration for better transmission to the fluid of the inner ear |
| Describe the inner ear. | Main structure is the pea-sized cochlea. Filled with fluid set into vibration by the stapes. |
| Describe the cochlea in further detail. | Divided into Scala veribuli and Scala tympani by the cochlear partition, which extends from the base (stapes end) to the apex (far end). Cochlear partition contains the basilar membrane and Organ of Corti. |
| What structures exist within the Organ of Corti? | Cillia and outer hair cells (sensory receptor cells) |
| Transduction process in the ear | Stimulus energy in the form of sound waves is primarily transduced by inner hair cells - amplified by outer hair cells. One longest cilium (kinocilium) in bundle with other sterocilia. |
| What is an aphasia? | Disturbances in the use of language, including reading + writing |
| Receptive aphasia | Damage to Wernicke's area - impairment of speech comprehension. Motor components, grammar, rhythm/melody OK, but patients do not make sense. |
| Expressive aphasia | Damage to Broca's area, impairment of motor components of speech + grammar, sentence structure, rhythm and melody. Comprehension is OK but patients cannot express themselves. |
| What is conduction deafness? | Failure to conduct vibrations from external ear to oval window. |
| What is sensorineural deafness? | Due to transduction failure (hair cell) or failure to transmit APs |
| What occurs when the OHCs bend ? | Bending toward kinocilium -> depolarization, shortening of OHCs (excitation). Bending away from kinocilium -> hyperpolarization, lengthening of OHCs (inhibition). |
| Describe the Cochlear amplifier | Basilar membrane vibrates w/ greater energy than pressure airwaves put into ear. OHCs shorten when depolarized - enhances sensitivity of IHCs by amplifying vibrations of the BM. Turns tympanic membrane into loud speaker - otoacoustic emissions. |
| Describe the pathway from cochlea to cortex. | Hair cells --> through some more nuclei --> to the thalamus --> auditory receiving area A1 in temporal lobe. (For auditory input, it's bilateral input processing). |
| What is mixed hearing loss? | Both conduction and sensorineural hearing loss at the same time. |
| What is central deafness? | Damage in nuclei or auditory cortex. *Any of the categories of hearing loss can lead to loss of social interaction - increased risk of dementia) |
Created by:
cassidylm34
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