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AP Psych Unit 11
Chapter 14: Social Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Psychologists | The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
| Attribution Theory | Suggests how we explain someone's behavior--by crediting it to either the situation or the person's disposition |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
| Attitudes | Feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
| Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon | The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
| Philip Zimbardo | The psychologist who conducted the Stanford Prison Study |
| The Stanford Prison Study | The psychological study where individuals were assigned to be prisoners or prison guards, it examined role-playing and |
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory | 2 conflicting thoughts create mental tension for us, we act to reduce that mental tension, we seek to resolve those conflicting thoughts |
| Chameleon Effect | We try to blend in with our surroundings, the chameleon effect is another reference to our confority |
| Conformity | Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
| Normative Conformity | Adjusting one's behavior or thinking in order to gain social acceptance or membership in a group (I always think normative => normal) |
| Informational Conformity | Adjusting one's behavior or thinking because information persuades you that it is the best course of action |
| Peripheral Persuasion | Change in attitude because you are influenced by certain incidental causes - surface level details i.e.: the way someone talks, the way someone looks or dresses, the accent someone has, etc. |
| Central Route Persuasion | Change in attitude because you are influenced by rational and logical arguments like by actual information a Dr. could give you |
| Solomon Asch | Solomon Asch did a famous experiment about conformity. He proved that 3/4ths of the individuals conformed at least once |
| Asch's Conformity Experiment | Individuals were asked to judge the line lengths, their answers were studied after confederates gave incorrect answers. 3/4ths of individuals conformed at least once. |
| Stanley Milgram | Social psychologist who wanted to study whether or not the Holocaust could happen in the U.S. by studying how obedient people are. His famous obedience study revolutionized how psychologists thought about obedience |
| Milgram's Yale University Obedience Study | Stanley Milgram's study in which he observed whether or not participants would give an electric shock to a participant. 66% gave a fatal shock of 450 volts. No one in this study was harmed however it has been criticized for its ethics and deception. |
| Social Facilitation | Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. |
| Social Loafing | The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. |
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | There is an ideal amount of group influence that increases our performance. Too much pressure from the group and we mess up, too little pressure and there isn't enough incentive to try. This principle explains social facilitation. |
| Deindividuation | The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. |
| Group Polarization | The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
| Groupthink | The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
| Social Control | The power of the situation |
| Personal Control | The power of the individual |
| Minority Influence | The power of one or two individuals to sway majorities |
| Prejudice | An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action |
| Stereotype | A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people |
| Discrimination | Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members. |
| Social identities | Associate ourselves with certain groups and contrast ourselves with others. |
| Ingroup | "Us" people with whom one shares a common identity |
| Outgroup | "Them"-those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup |
| Ingroup bias | The tendency to favor one's own group |
| Scapegoat theory | The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. |
| Just-world phenomenon | The tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| Aggression | Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
| Frustration-aggression principle | The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression |
| Conflict | A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
| Social Trap | A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
| Mirror-image Perceptions | When we are in conflict with individuals we have a tendency to form a diabolical image of the person we are in conflict with. They likewise form a diabolical image of us. |
| Mere Exposure Effect | The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them |
| Passionate love | An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
| Companionate love | The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are interwined. |
| Equity | A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
| Self-disclosure | Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
| Altruism | Unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
| Bystander effect | The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
| Social exchange theory | The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
| Recipocity norm | An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
| Social-responsibility norm | An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them |
| Superordinate goals | Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
| Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction (GRIT) | A political strategy designed to decrease international tensions |
| Fritz Heider | The individual who proposed attribution theory and explained attribution errors. That we attribute people's behavior to either the situation or their disposition/personality. And we often overestimate the disposition/personality. |
| Role | A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
| "The power of the situation" | Discovered by Zimbardo in the Stanford Prison Study. Roles are created and the situation/environment has a powerful influence over even well educated college students. |
| Automatic mimicry | Another way of saying conformity. Humans tend to go with their packs and behavior seems to be contagious. Also known as the chameleon effect |
| Mood linkage | Sharing up and down moods. The idea that sometimes we mimic the moods of those around us. |
| Obedience | Following the orders of an authority figure |
| Other-race effect/cross-race effect/ own-race effect | The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own race-bias |
| Aggression-replacement program | A program to work with juvenile offenders and their parents and tries to teach individuals new ways to control anger, and more thoughtful approaches to moral reasoning. |
| Social scripts | Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. |
| Ethnocentrism | Is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture |
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thompsonce
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