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AP Psych Unit 7
Chapter 11 Motivation & Chapter 12 Emotion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Motivation | A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior |
| Instinct | A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned |
| Set Point | The point at which an individuals's weight thermostat is supposedly set. This is an older notion a specific weight that our body tries to maintain the newer idea is known as a settling point |
| Basal Metabolic Rate | The body's resting rate of energy expenditure. |
| Drive-Reduction Theory | The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need and maintain HOMEOSTASIS |
| Homeostasis | A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. |
| Abraham Maslow | The Humanistic psychologist who created the hierarchy of needs which attempts to explain what motivates individuals |
| Hierarchy of Needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the based of physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. |
| Hunger | Physiological drive that motivates individuals to seek food |
| Glucose | A form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low we feel hunger. Insulin, a hormone, regulated by our hypothalamus and pancreas helps our body break down the glucose |
| Lateral Hypothalamus | Part of our brain that brings on hunger. When we stimulate it a person or animal will begin to eat and will never want to stop. If we remove this part of the brain the person or animal will never feel the desire to eat ever even if they are starving. |
| Ventromedial Hypothalamus | Part of our brain that controls and senses fullness. When we stimulate this a person or animal will have no interest in food even if starving. If we remove this part of the brain the person will eat and eat and never feel full. |
| Incentives | A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. |
| Settling Point | Settling point is a newer idea that suggests there is a healthy range of weights that our body is comfortable at and seeks to maintain |
| Insulin | Hormone secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose |
| Leptin | Protein secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger. |
| Orexin | Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus |
| Ghrelin | Hormone secreted by the empty stomach; sends the "I'm hungry" signal to the brain |
| PYY | Digestive tract hormone; sends the "I'm not hungry" signals to the brain |
| Anorexia Nervosa | An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve |
| Bulemia Nervosa | An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise |
| Alfred Kinsey | First big survey of sexual behavior that suggested that some once considered "taboo" behaviors were actually more common, this was followed up by Masters' and Johnson's film studies of sexual cycles |
| Sexual Response Cycle | The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution |
| Refractory Period | A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm |
| Sexual Disorders | A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning |
| Estrogen | A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. |
| Testosterone | The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but males have it in greater amounts. |
| Sexual Orientation | An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation) |
| Industrial-Organization (I/O) Psychology | The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces |
| Personnel Psychology | A subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development |
| Organizational Psychology | a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change |
| Structured Interviews | Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales |
| 360-degree Feedback | A way of rating yourself, your manager, your colleagues, and being rated by everyone. The goal of this type of feedback is open communication and a complete appraisal of the work that has been done and improvements that can be made. |
| Achievement Motivation | A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard |
| Task Leadership | Goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals |
| Social Leadership | Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict and offers support. |
| Flow | A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills. Flow is what we desire to create in the workplace. |
| Emotions | A response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience |
| James-Lange Theory | The theory that our experience of emotion is awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli |
| Cannon-Bard Theory | The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses AND the subjective experience of emotion |
| Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory | Theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal |
| Spillover Effect | Sometimes our arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event |
| Polygraph | A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion |
| Catharsis | Emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges |
| Feel-good, Do-good Phenomenon | People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. |
| Subjective Well-Being | Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people's quality of life. |
| Adaptation-Level Phenomenon | Our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience |
| Relative deprivation | The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself. |
| Physiological Needs | Need to satisfy hunger and thirst the first level of Maslow's hierarchy |
| Safety Needs | Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe. 2nd level of Maslow's hierarchy |
| Belongingness and Love Needs | Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation. 3rd level of Maslow's hierarchy |
| Esteem Needs | Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others; 4th level of Maslow's hierarchy |
| Self-actualization Needs | Need to live up to our fullest and unique potential; 5th level of Maslow's hierarchy. |
| Self-transcendence Needs | Need to find meaning and identity beyond the self. The final part that Maslow theorized about. |
| Hypothalamus | The part of the brain that manipulates the endocrine system. Known as the "master gland". Helps control hunger by regulating the amount of insulin produced by the brain. Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus help regulate eating |
| Ostracism | When the need to belong is denied. Often when people are ignored, excluded, or shunned. Can be particularly painful because we are social creatures. The fear of this can motivate us to act in ways that allow us to avoid ostracism. |
| Human Factors Psychology | A sub-field of I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use |
| Body Mass Index | Is a measure of body fat based on height and weight that applies to adult men and women. Often criticized because it doesn't take into account musculature which affects results because muscle weighs more than fat. |
| Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus | Psychologists who did experiments that proved that sometimes cognition does not precede (come before) emotion. Perhaps some emotions bypass the cortex (decision making) and go directly to the amygdala which controls strong emotional responses. |
| Izard's 10 basic emotions | Identified what she called the 10 basic emotions that are present from birth: joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt. |
| General adaptation syndrome | Selye's concept of the body's adaptive responses to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| Tend and befriend | Under stress people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend) |
| Psychophysiological illnesses | literally, "mind-body" illnesses; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health |
| Type A | Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people |
| Type B | Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people |
| Coping | Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods |
| Problem-focused coping | Attempting to alleviate stress directly-by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor |
| Emotion-focused coping | Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction |
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