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Chapter 17 Notes
vocab about the periodic table
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Element | any pure substance that is made of only one kind of atom |
| Ancient Greeks | the first to define elements as the basic building block of matter |
| Alchemy | became a real science in the 17th and 18th centuries |
| They believed that true science knowledge is gained from observing, experimenting and reasoning | Isaac Newton, Robert Boyle, Antoine Lavoisier |
| How many elements are there today? | 117-118 elements |
| How many NATURALLY occurring elements are there? | 92 elements |
| How many elements are solids at room temperature? | 13 elements |
| --> Monatomic Elements | have 1 atom in its natural state |
| --> Diatomic Elements | have 2 atoms in its natural state |
| Monatomic Elements: | He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn (noble gases) |
| Diatomic Elements: | H/2, N/2, O/2, F/2, Cl/2, Br/2, I/2 |
| Dmitri Mendeleev | arranged the elements into what is now the periodic table, placed elements by increasing atomic masses, and left blank spots for new elements to be found |
| Johann Dobereiner, 1829 | placed elements in according to their masses, created Triads |
| John Newlands | placed elements in the table by increasing atomic masses, saw that every 8th element had similar properties and called them octaves |
| Henry Moseley | discovered how x-rays could count the protons and find an element's atomic number, and arranged the elements by atomic number |
| Periodic Table arrangement: | by increasing atomic number |
| Periodicity | how elements display certain characteristics repeatedly when placed in order by atomic mass |
| Periodic Law | the properties of elements vary in a periodic pattern with their atomic number |
| --> Metals | electrons are "lost" easily |
| --> Non-metals | hold electrons tightly |
| Metals: | lusterous, malleable, conduct electricity and ductile |
| Non-metals: | lack luster, brittle, don't conduct electricity, non-ductile |
| The more energy levels it has, | the larger it is |
| The Second Law of Thermodynamics | all natural processes move towards a state of minimum energy |
| Octet Rule | atoms are most stable when they have 8 electrons in their valence energy level |
| Electron Affinity | the strength of attraction of electrons to UNBONDED atoms |
| Electronegativity | the strength of attraction of electrons to BONDED atoms |
| Ionic Bonds | metal, non-metal |
| Covalent Bonds | non-metal, non-metal |
| Metallic Bonds | metal, metal |
| Electron Sea Theory | atoms with weak electronegativities usually have loosely held valence electrons |
Created by:
Laina101
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