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Ch. 5 Memory
Psychology: An Exploration
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Memory | An active system that stores, organizes, alters and recovers informations. Alters the activity, structure, and chemistry of brain cells. |
| Encoding | Transform information in a form that can be stored, neural/memory codes. |
| Consolidation | keep/maintain information. Necessitates physiological change in brain. |
| Retrieval | Bringing to mind information previously stored in memory. |
| Information-Processing | View of Memory: 3 different, interacting memory systems |
| Sensory Memory | very brief storage of sensory information. Unlimited capacity, all info lost in <4 secs unless one pays attention to it in which case it automatically transfers to ST memory |
| Cocktail Party Phenomenon | evidence for filtering process, outside of awareness, in sensory memory |
| Working/Short term memory | what you're thinking about at any particular moment (auditory form). info retained for <30 secs |
| Magic number | Capacity of working/ST memory, limited to 7 +/- 2 bits. Temporary storage in prefrontal cortex |
| Displacement | incoming items push out existing items when capacity is full |
| Chunking | info grouped into meaningful unites or chunks, extends amount in a "bit" |
| Rehearsal | maintains info in ST/working memory and is used to transfer it to LT memory |
| Maintenance rehearsal | just repeat the info over and over |
| Elaborative rehearsal | more effortful, meaningful, link new information to information already in LT memory. |
| Working Memory Components | CE (Central executive), PL (phonological loop/auditory recorder), VS (visual sketchpad) |
| Long Term memory | Stored in hippocampus, unlimited capacity, more or less permanent in duration |
| Retrieval | recover information from storage in LT memory and transfer it to ST/working memory |
| Recall | search memory to reproduce the material ex. fill in the blank, essay questions |
| Recognition | identify the correct item from among several choices. Recognize something as familiar |
| Declarative memory | (Type of LT Memory) personal experience + impersonal knowledge, facts, school info. Hippocampus. "knowing that" |
| Procedural memory | (Type of LT Memory) for motor movement skills. Cerebellum. "knowing how" |
| Levels of Processing principle | the deeper the processing, the more robust the memory |
| Memory Reconstruction/constructive processing | unconsciously/unknowingly alter memories to make them fit in with what we believe to be true. The content and accuracy lf LT memories may undergo change and distortion across time and not alwas be as accurate as people think |
| Eyewitness testimony | "Show up" - witnesses only see one suspect at a time and don't know how many suspects will be shown. Fewer misidentifications with a show-up, but more failures to make a positive identification (misinformation effect) |
| Automatic encoding: flashbulb memories | intense, vivid memories of times of personal tragedy, accident, or other emotionally significant events. Very confident that remember, but accuracy diminishes over time |
| Distributed practice | spacing the study of material. more effective than massed practice |
| serial order/serial position effect | remember items better at the beginning and end of lists |
| primacy effect | remember items at the beginning of list due to increased rehearsal for early item |
| recency effect | remember items at end of list because they are still in the working memory (middle items have been displaced by later items) |
| source amnesia | don't remember where you got information from |
| situational factors | affecting LT memory retrieval |
| retrieval cues | (situational factor) hints, reminders |
| encoding specificity (context dependent) | (situational factor) LT memories more easily retrieved when person has same environmental cues present during retrieval as during the original learning (factors outside person) |
| state-dependent learning | (situational factor) retrieval easier when person in same physiological (body/mood) state as during original learning (factors inside person) |
| decay theory | information is lost, deteriorates with passage of time/disuse |
| encoding failure | info never learned (not put into LT memory) or not adequately learned |
| interference | tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories and the reverse |
| hippocampus | part of the brain responsible for forming new LT memories |
Created by:
hpennella
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