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rad 105
physics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organized and classified knowledge define which of the following? | Science |
| What is the branch of science that deals with matter, energy and their relationship to each other? | physics |
| what is the mass per unit volume of a substance called? | density |
| The branch of physics pertaining to the origin and nature of x-rays is defined by | radiologic physics |
| what is the formula for converting Farenheit to degrees celcus | 5/9(F-32) |
| The exposure of a radiograph is directly proportional to the time of exposure. What will happen if the mA is doubled | it will double |
| The exposure of a radiograph is inversly proportional to the square of the distance from a point source. What would be the exposure on a radiograph if the distance is tripled? | it will be 1/9 |
| What devices converts chemical energy to electrical energy | battery |
| a neutral atom that loses an orbital electron will have a | positive charge |
| how many electrons are in the O shell of an atom | 50 |
| ___________ is anything which occupies space and has inertia | matter |
| How many electrons can occupy the Q shell of an atom | 98 |
| an elementary positive particle with a mass of about 1.67x10-24g, describes the | proton |
| isotopes differ in the number of | neutrons (same number of protons) |
| how many neutrons are in an isotope of lead that has an atomic number of 82 and a mass number of 210 | 128 |
| in an atom, electrical neutrality is achieved by maintaining a balance between the | electrons and protons |
| the maximum number of electrons found in any energy level (shell) at any point in time is: | 2n2 |
| Carbon has an atomic number of 6. One of its isotopes has a mass number of 14. The number of neutrons in this isotope is: | 8 |
| the orderly arrangement of the elements by their atomic number and chemical properties is found in a: | Periodic Table |
| If an electron is gained or lost from an atom, the atom becomes | an ion |
| the theory that electrons circulate in discrete circular paths was proposed by | Bohr |
| which of the following atomic particles cannot be further subdivided | protons, neutrons and electrons |
| matter is made up of indivisible and invisible particles called | atoms |
| what is the definition of energy | the ability to do work |
| what correctly states newtons first law of motion | an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an external force |
| what are two kinds of electrical charge | positive and negative |
| the ability of a moving body to do work is called | kinetic energy |
| what device converts chemical energy to mechanical energy | gasoline engine |
| the smallest subdivision of an element having the characteristics properties of that element is called | atom |
| an electron is _______ charged and has a mass of ________ amu(s) | negatively, 0.000548 |
| the number of electrons in its shell determines its | valence |
| the type of bonding that involves the sharing of electrons is called | covalent |
| what is the smallest subdivision of a substance | molecule |
| the force of attraction between the nucleus and an orbital electron is called the electrons ___________ | binding energy |
| a neutral atom that loses an electron by ionization is termed a | positive ion |
| the highest bonding energy of an atom is found in the electrons _________ level | first energy orbital |
| an electrical charge can be neutralized if it is conducted to | ground |
| what are three methods of electrification | friction, contact, and induction |
| a material that allows the flow of electrons is known as | conductor |
| in the law of conservation of energy, energy | can be transformed from one form to another, and cannot be created nor destroyed |
| where are the electrical charges found on a conductor | the external surface |
| what is the electrical property of copper | conductor |
| the type of bonding that involves the attraction of electrons is called | ionic |
| electric insulators | inhibit the movement of electric charge |
| Six ways ionization occurs | exposure of matter to xrays and gamma rays exposure of matter to a stream of electrons spontaneous decay of radionuclides exposure of certain chemicals to light chemical ionization thermionic emission |
| Eight forms of energy are | mechanical thermal light electrical chemical atomic molecular nuclear |
| the law of conservation of energy states | energy can neither be created or destroyed but can transform from one form to another |
| the flow of electrons is known as | current |
| what is the unit of electrical current | ampere |
| which creates the most electrical resistance | a long wire with a small diameter |
| the unit for resistance | ohm |
| the unit of electrical power | watt |
| formula for power loss is | P=I2R |
| what are the two poles of the magnet called | north and south |
| what are the magnetic lines that surround a magnet called | flux |
| what are the materials that are WEAKLY ATTRACTED to a magnet | paramagnetic |
| materials that are difficult to magnetize and demagnetize are said to have high | retentivity |
| how are the north poles of the two magnets going to affect each other | they will repel |
| what are the materials that are slightly repelled by a magnet | diamagnetic |
| materials that are easily magnetized and demagnetized are said to have high | permeability |
| what moves in a conductor | negative charges |
| what strongly attracts magnetic fields | ferromagnetic |
| what unit is used to measure potential difference | volt |
| what effect does high temperature have on resistance | length of the conductor, diameter of conductor, temperature of the conductor |
| What are the four factors for electromagnetic induction | the speed of which a conductor cuts the magnetic lines of force the strength of the magnetic field the angle between the conductor and direction of magnetic field the number of turns of a conductor if its wound into a coil |
| a coil of wire | helix |
| a coil of wire carrying a current is called a | solenoid |
| a coil of wire with a current with an iron core is called an | electromagnet |
| electromagnetism | the branch of physics that deals with the relationship between electricity and magnetism |
| What are the swirling currents called that are induced in transformers and produce heat losses? | eddy loss current |
| what type of transformer has more coils in the secondary than in the primary? | step-up |
| which of the following materials would make the best transformer core? | soft iron |
| when the radiographer selects kilovoltage on the control panel, which device is adjusted? | autotransformer |
| what type of transformer core is more widely used in radiographic equipment? | closed core |
| which type of transformer core is more efficient? | shell type |
| which is a step up transformer? | 20,000 turns on primary coil, 40,000 on secondary coil |
| tapping windings of the autotransformer to supply voltage to the step-up transformer is the purpose of which of these? | voltmeter |
| current loss in the core of a transformer due to changing of magnetic fields by the AC is? | hysteresis |
| what is the major reason for using alternating current? | transformers cannot work without it |
| How can hysteresis losses be reduced in a transformer? | lamination |
| loss of electrical power due to resistance of the coils in a transformer is called: | copper loss |
| if the voltage is stepped-up, what happens to the current in the secondary side of the transformer? | decreases |
| what is it called when a current is induced in a secondary coil by simply changing the current in the primary? | mutual induction |
| What is the principle reservoir for excess charges? | the earth |
| regarding the movement of an electric charge from one atom to another | usually outer shell electrons move |
| electrostatics | concerns resting electric charges |
| the unit of electrostatic charge is the: | coulomb |
| the principle electrostatic law states that: | an electron will repel and electron |
| objects become electrified because of: | the transfer of electrons |
| what would be included as one of the four basic electrostatic laws? | Planck's law |
| an electrostatic force is created when a/an | electrostatic charge exists |
| the unit of electrostatic force is | Newton |
| 1 C = 6.3 x 10(18) electron charges | smallest unit of charge the coulumb |
| the unit of electric potential is the: | volt |
| what is the best electric insulator | wood |
| the ratio of electric potential across a circuit element to the current flowing through that element is called: | resistance |
| the electrical resistance of wire will increase as the diameter of the: | wire decreases |
| when an electric current flows through a wire with resistance (R) energy is: | generated as heat |
| the energy of a bremsstrahlung photon is: | the difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron |
| at the end of characteristic cascade, the ________ shell is missing | outermost |
| the transition of orbital electrons from outer to inner shell gives rise to: | characteristic radiation |
| bremsstrahlung interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with: | the force field of the nucleus |
| the energy of a characteristic photon is: | the difference between the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped |
| during a characteristic interaction, the energy of the incident electron must be ______ the electron it knocks from its orbits | greater than that of |
| which of the following types of radiation cannot be produced at tube potential less than 70 keV? | characteristic |
| characteristic interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with: | an inner shell electron |
| in the compton effect, the incident photon loses energy by striking a/an | loosely bound outer-shell electron |
| when a photon reacts with an atom and the resulting photon has the same energy level but moves in a different direction, the result is referred to as: | unmodified scattering |
| which of the following constitutes the largest portion of the x-ray beam emerging from the target | bremsstrahlung |
| what type of interaction between matter and radiation does not occur in the normal diagnostic energy range? | pair production |
| Rayleigh scatter takes place when: | no transfer of energy upon collision |
| which of the following are products of the photoelectric effect? | photoelectron, characteristic radiation, ionized atom |
| a high speed electron decelerates as it passes the nucleus of a tungsten atom and gives rise to ____________ radiation | bremsstrahlung |
| the transition of orbital electrons from outer to inner shells gives rise to | characteristic radiation |
| in the diagnostic range, the majority of the x-ray photons produced in the x-ray tube result from the: | bremsstrahlung |
| in an x-ray tube, the production of xrays results from a rapid deceleration of fast moving ______ in the target material | electrons |
| the total number of x-ray photons produced at the target is contingent on: | tube current and target material (NOT square of the kV) |
| what reaction results in true absorption? | photoelectric effect |
| which of the following primarily producces scatter radiation? | compton scattering |
| an electron from an outer shell moves to fill a vacancy by an inner shell electron. This process is known as ________ and __________ radiation is produced | cascading, characteristic |
| __________ interactions occur only when the incident electron interacts with the force field of the nucleus | bremsstrahlung |
| which of the following x-ray interactions with matter is primarily responsible for radiographic contrast? | photoelectric effect |
| radiation that passes through the tube housing in directions other than through the port window is termed | leakage radiation |
| what type of radiation is produced when a high-speed electron is decelerated as it approaches the nucleus of a target atom? | bremsstrahlung |
| which of the following interactions of x-rays with matter is more likely to occur with an inner shell electron | photoelectric effect |
| approximately 99% of kinetic energy of the high-speed electron stream is converted to _______ when it strikes the target on the anode | heat |
| the types of radiation produced at the target are | characteristic and bremsstrahlung |
| which of the following x-ray interaction with matter INHIBITS radiographic contrast? | compton scatter |
| which of the following interactions is the least likely to occue in diagnostic range? | pair production |
| at 60kVp, the primary beam consists primarily of which effect? | bremsstrahlung |
| when gallium is added to silicon, it becomes a __________ type semi conductor | p-type |
| the type of bonding that involves the attraction between oppositely charged ions is called | ionic |
| an apparatus located in a circuit that acts as an indicator of electricity in one direction but conducts electricity in the opposite direction is called a: | transformer |
| electrical devices that allow current to flow only in one direction are called: | rectifiers |
| what type of wiring configurations are used in secondary coils of three-phase transformers: | star and delta |
| why are three phase generators more efficient than single phase | voltage never drops to zero |
| what is the resistance to flow of electricity in an alternating current called? | impedence |
| a solid-state rectifier, with a deficient number of electrons, is referred to as what type of semi-conductor? | p-type |
| which of the following voltage ripples is (are) produced by three-phase equipment | 13% and 3.5% ripple |
| the spinning top test can be used to determine the accuracy of which of the following? | rectification circuit |
| self-rectification leads to a voltage wave form that is the same as which of the following? | half-wave |
| an electric current that continually changes direction is know as what type of current | alternating |
| which of the following circuit devices must be connected in parallel | voltmeter |
| a 3-phase 6 pulse unit has an effective kv of about _____ of the peak kVp | 87% |
| what describes the best electrical properties of silicon | semiconductor |
| with single phase equipment, the voltage across the x-ray tube: | drops to zero every 180 degrees |
| materials that are difficult to magnetize and demagnetize are said to have a high | retentivity |
| what converts chemical energy to electrical energy? | battery |
| silicon, with an excessive number of electrons, is referred to as what type of semiconductor? | n-type |
| what is the unit used to measured potential difference | volt |
| what is it called when a current is induced in a secondary coil by simply changing the current in the primary? | mutual induction |
| what is a device called that measures electrical current? | anmeter |
| what is the simplest type of rectification? | self-rectification |
| 3 phase current consist of three single phase voltage waveforms separated by: | 120 degrees |
| in modern x-ray equipment, the device most often used for current rectification is a/an | solid state diode |
| what would NOT be located in the primary side of the x-ray circuit? | x-ray tube |
| what is NOT a device for controlling filament? | rectifier |
| where in the x-ray circuit is the timer located? | between the autotransformer and step up transformer |
| what is an advantage of three-phase equipment over single phase equipment? | can achieve shorter exposure times |
| what device would be used when the milliamperage is set on the control panel | rheostat |
| which of the following meters does not register until an x-ray exposure is made? | mA meter |
| which of the following types of current supplies the x-ray tube? | pulsating direct current |
| what effect does adjusting the filament control have on the production of x-rays? | controls the quantity |
| what is the current indicated by the millianmeter? | tube current |
| where is the rectification circuit located in an xray unit? | between the step-up transformer and the x-ray tube |
| what causes most tube failures? | overheating of the filament |
| what type of motor drives the rotating anode | induction |
| which part of the xray tube has the filament wires and focusing cup? | cathode |
| what will produce the least load on an x-ray tube | high kVp, low mAs |
| what is required of a target material in an x-ray tube?ing point | high density, high atomic number, and high melting point |
| which of the following increase the penetrating power of the x-ray beam? | kV |
Created by:
jhill106
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