Question 1

1.	What do you call an organization with certain policy goals that seeks to reach them through the political process?

Accepted Answer

2.	Interest group

Question 2

3.	What do you call an organization that seeks to influence public policy?

Accepted Answer

4.	Interest group

Question 3

5.	What did James Madison believe caused societies to create factions?

Accepted Answer

6.	Human nature

Question 4

7.	How did James Madison in Federalist no.1 claim one group (faction) could be prevented from taking control?

Accepted Answer

8.	Increase the number and variety of groups (factions)

Question 5

9.	In what post World WAR II decade did the number of interest groups begin to increase at a rapid rate?

Accepted Answer

10.	1960s

Question 6

11.	What led to the growth in the number of interest groups in the 1960s?

Accepted Answer

12.	The growth of government policies

Question 7

13.	What are the two periods in US history when interest groups rapidly expanded?

Accepted Answer

14.	1900-1920, 1960-1980

Question 8

15.	Why did mass-membership unions form when they did?

Accepted Answer

16.	Broad economic changes created a reason

Question 9

17.	What led to the launching of the Chamber of Commerce?

Accepted Answer

18.	New government policy

Question 10

19.	What did the creation of antislavery organizations in the 1830s and 1840s rely on?

Accepted Answer

20.	Talented leadership of policy entrepreneurs

Question 11

21.	What are some of the reasons interest groups are so common in the United States?

Accepted Answer

22.	Governmental fragmentation, ease of access, social diversity, weak political parties

Question 12

23.	What are some reasons that explain the rise of interest groups in some periods?

Accepted Answer

24.	Changing economics, government policies, leadership

Question 13

25.	Who do interest groups seek to influence in the political process?

Accepted Answer

26.	Congress, the Courts, the Presidency, the Bureaucracy, State Government, and the Public

Question 14

27.	Do most interest groups focus on purely economic interests?

Accepted Answer

28.	No

Question 15

29.	What are two things Political Parties have to do that Interest Groups don’t have to do?

Accepted Answer

30.	Political Parties have to run candidates for office and they have to appeal to most everyone to succeed.

Question 16

31.	Are Americans more likely or less likely to join religious or political associations than citizens of other countries and why?

Accepted Answer

32.	More likely; higher political efficacy and sense of civic duty

Question 17

33.	When is an interest group more likely to form its own political party?

Accepted Answer

34.	In countries with multiparty proportional representation systems like in Europe.

Question 18

35.	What percentage of the vote does a party have to win to get seats in the legislature in a European-style proportional representation system?

Accepted Answer

36.	Between 1% and 5%

Question 19

37.	Where are interests groups more like parties?

Accepted Answer

38.	In Europe

Question 20

39.	Where have farmers had success with their own political parties?

Accepted Answer

40.	Scandinavia

Question 21

41.	What environmental political parties have had far more success in Europe than in the U.S.?

Accepted Answer

42.	Green parties

Question 22

43.	What are some examples of American environmental groups?

Accepted Answer

44.	Environmental Defense Fund, National Wildlife Federation, Sierra Club, Wilderness Society

Question 23

45.	What political theory argues that interest groups compete and counterbalance each other providing representation for everyone?

Accepted Answer

46.	Pluralist theory

Question 24

47.	What two movements support the pluralist theory of the impact of interest groups?

Accepted Answer

48.	Civil Rights movement and Women’s Rights Movement

Question 25

49.	Why do Pluralists argue that interest groups do not lead to dysfunction?

Accepted Answer

50.	No one interest group becomes too dominant. They play by the rules. Different groups win at different times. They link public desires to government.

Question 26

51.	How do pluralists defend lobbying?

Accepted Answer

52.	They argue lobbying is open to everyone

Question 27

53.	What political theory argues that only a few groups really have power and most others are insignificant?

Accepted Answer

54.	Elite theory

Question 28

55.	What political theory argues that interest groups do not play by the rules?

Accepted Answer

56.	Elite theory

Question 29

57.	How do elite theorists argue that elite groups control government?

Accepted Answer

58.	They cooperate in interlocking directorates

Question 30

59.	Who do most Elite Theorists argue control government for the most part?

Accepted Answer

60.	Corporations

Question 31

61.	When the public is polled about who actually controls government and who benefits, all the people or a few big interests, which do they pick?

Accepted Answer

62.	For all the people

Question 32

63.	What idea holds that most interest group demands are legitimate and that it is the government’s job to advance those demands?

Accepted Answer

64.	Interest group liberalism

Question 33

65.	What theorists criticize interest group liberalism the most?

Accepted Answer

66.	Hyperpluralists

Question 34

67.	What is a popular argument against interest group liberalism?

Accepted Answer

68.	Trying to please every group means a confusing increase in agencies, regulations, and programs while pushing spending increases

Question 35

69.	What faction supports interest group liberalism?

Accepted Answer

70.	Subgovernments

Question 36

71.	What theorists argue that government is incapable of making a choice between two competing groups and tries to favor both groups producing waste and gridlock?

Accepted Answer

72.	Hyperpluralists

Question 37

73.	What is the political goal for subgovernments?

Accepted Answer

74.	Political self-interest

Question 38

75.	What are the three parts of a subgovernment?

Accepted Answer

76.	Key interest group leaders, related government agencies, and key congressional committees or subcommittees

Question 39

77.	If an interest group or coalition of interest groups have captured the agency and congressional committee and have monopoly control over the policy area, what is that called?

Accepted Answer

78.	Iron triangle

Question 40

79.	If competing interest groups, government agencies, and congressional committees keep any one view from always dominating, what is that called?

Accepted Answer

80.	Issue network

Question 41

81.	What theorists argue that subgovernments can be very counterproductive?

Accepted Answer

82.	Hyperpluralists

Question 42

83.	What kind of policy do hyperpluralists argue is created by interest group liberalism, the existence of subgovernments?

Accepted Answer

84.	Confusing and contradictory policy

Question 43

85.	What do you call the people who share a common interest in policy?

Accepted Answer

86.	Potential group

Question 44

87.	What is the tendency for some potential group members to  choose not to join an interest group because they know they will receive the benefits of the interest groups’ activities anyway?

Accepted Answer

88.	Free-rider problem

Question 45

89.	What is true of most people who agree with the goals of a mass-membership (large) interest group?

Accepted Answer

90.	They don’t join.

Question 46

91.	What are reasons people join interest groups?

Accepted Answer

92.	Material incentives, solidary incentives, purposive incentives

Question 47

93.	What are material incentives?

Accepted Answer

94.	Money and benefits

Question 48

95.	What are solidary incentives?

Accepted Answer

96.	Opportunities for companionship and fun

Question 49

97.	What are purposive incentives?

Accepted Answer

98.	The desire for advancing some political goal based on a sense of what should be

Question 50

99.	What sort of incentive would have the greatest difficulty in raising funds?

Accepted Answer

100.	Purposive incentive

Question 51

101.	What are some ways for interest groups to raise funds?

Accepted Answer

102.	Foundation grants, Federal grants/contracts, direct mail, public funding thru tax returns

Question 52

103.	What percentage of contacts does direct mail need to give donations to succeed?

Accepted Answer

104.	2%

Question 53

105.	Why do individuals who have given to interest groups often get called on by other interest groups?

Accepted Answer

106.	Interest groups commonly share mailing lists

Question 54

107.	What kind of people are more likely to form interest groups?

Accepted Answer

108.	Higher income people

Question 55

109.	What percentage of interest groups in Washington D.C. represent corporations?

Accepted Answer

110.	About 50%

Question 56

111.	Why do most people fail to join mass-membership interest groups?

Accepted Answer

112.	They don’t think it will make a difference if they join.

Question 57

113.	Why do people join the PTA?

Accepted Answer

114.	For solidary reasons (social reasons: companionship)

Question 58

115.	What is a major function of local chapters of a national membership?

Accepted Answer

116.	Raise membership and money

Question 59

117.	What incentives would most likely cause someone to join a farm bureau (farming interest group)?

Accepted Answer

118.	Material incentives (money and benefits)

Question 60

119.	When interest group members are offered reduced rates on car rentals and insurance they are provided this kind of incentive.

Accepted Answer

120.	Material incentive

Question 61

121.	What do you call something of value that benefits both actual members and potential members of a group, for example, clean air?

Accepted Answer

122.	A collective good

Question 62

123.	What do you call the rule that the larger the potential group for an interest group, the less likely potential members will contribute?

Accepted Answer

124.	Olson’s Law of Large Groups

Question 63

125.	What rule argues that the smaller the interest group the more effectively organized and motivated it will be?

Accepted Answer

126.	Olson’s Law of Large Groups

Question 64

127.	What is a class of interest groups that suffer significantly due to Olson’s Law of Large Groups?

Accepted Answer

128.	Consumer groups like the National Consumer League

Question	Answer
1. What do you call an organization with certain policy goals that seeks to reach them through the political process?	2. Interest group
3. What do you call an organization that seeks to influence public policy?	4. Interest group
5. What did James Madison believe caused societies to create factions?	6. Human nature
7. How did James Madison in Federalist no.1 claim one group (faction) could be prevented from taking control?	8. Increase the number and variety of groups (factions)
9. In what post World WAR II decade did the number of interest groups begin to increase at a rapid rate?	10. 1960s
11. What led to the growth in the number of interest groups in the 1960s?	12. The growth of government policies
13. What are the two periods in US history when interest groups rapidly expanded?	14. 1900-1920, 1960-1980
15. Why did mass-membership unions form when they did?	16. Broad economic changes created a reason
17. What led to the launching of the Chamber of Commerce?	18. New government policy
19. What did the creation of antislavery organizations in the 1830s and 1840s rely on?	20. Talented leadership of policy entrepreneurs
21. What are some of the reasons interest groups are so common in the United States?	22. Governmental fragmentation, ease of access, social diversity, weak political parties
23. What are some reasons that explain the rise of interest groups in some periods?	24. Changing economics, government policies, leadership
25. Who do interest groups seek to influence in the political process?	26. Congress, the Courts, the Presidency, the Bureaucracy, State Government, and the Public
27. Do most interest groups focus on purely economic interests?	28. No
29. What are two things Political Parties have to do that Interest Groups don’t have to do?	30. Political Parties have to run candidates for office and they have to appeal to most everyone to succeed.
31. Are Americans more likely or less likely to join religious or political associations than citizens of other countries and why?	32. More likely; higher political efficacy and sense of civic duty
33. When is an interest group more likely to form its own political party?	34. In countries with multiparty proportional representation systems like in Europe.
35. What percentage of the vote does a party have to win to get seats in the legislature in a European-style proportional representation system?	36. Between 1% and 5%
37. Where are interests groups more like parties?	38. In Europe
39. Where have farmers had success with their own political parties?	40. Scandinavia
41. What environmental political parties have had far more success in Europe than in the U.S.?	42. Green parties
43. What are some examples of American environmental groups?	44. Environmental Defense Fund, National Wildlife Federation, Sierra Club, Wilderness Society
45. What political theory argues that interest groups compete and counterbalance each other providing representation for everyone?	46. Pluralist theory
47. What two movements support the pluralist theory of the impact of interest groups?	48. Civil Rights movement and Women’s Rights Movement
49. Why do Pluralists argue that interest groups do not lead to dysfunction?	50. No one interest group becomes too dominant. They play by the rules. Different groups win at different times. They link public desires to government.
51. How do pluralists defend lobbying?	52. They argue lobbying is open to everyone
53. What political theory argues that only a few groups really have power and most others are insignificant?	54. Elite theory
55. What political theory argues that interest groups do not play by the rules?	56. Elite theory
57. How do elite theorists argue that elite groups control government?	58. They cooperate in interlocking directorates
59. Who do most Elite Theorists argue control government for the most part?	60. Corporations
61. When the public is polled about who actually controls government and who benefits, all the people or a few big interests, which do they pick?	62. For all the people
63. What idea holds that most interest group demands are legitimate and that it is the government’s job to advance those demands?	64. Interest group liberalism
65. What theorists criticize interest group liberalism the most?	66. Hyperpluralists
67. What is a popular argument against interest group liberalism?	68. Trying to please every group means a confusing increase in agencies, regulations, and programs while pushing spending increases
69. What faction supports interest group liberalism?	70. Subgovernments
71. What theorists argue that government is incapable of making a choice between two competing groups and tries to favor both groups producing waste and gridlock?	72. Hyperpluralists
73. What is the political goal for subgovernments?	74. Political self-interest
75. What are the three parts of a subgovernment?	76. Key interest group leaders, related government agencies, and key congressional committees or subcommittees
77. If an interest group or coalition of interest groups have captured the agency and congressional committee and have monopoly control over the policy area, what is that called?	78. Iron triangle
79. If competing interest groups, government agencies, and congressional committees keep any one view from always dominating, what is that called?	80. Issue network
81. What theorists argue that subgovernments can be very counterproductive?	82. Hyperpluralists
83. What kind of policy do hyperpluralists argue is created by interest group liberalism, the existence of subgovernments?	84. Confusing and contradictory policy
85. What do you call the people who share a common interest in policy?	86. Potential group
87. What is the tendency for some potential group members to choose not to join an interest group because they know they will receive the benefits of the interest groups’ activities anyway?	88. Free-rider problem
89. What is true of most people who agree with the goals of a mass-membership (large) interest group?	90. They don’t join.
91. What are reasons people join interest groups?	92. Material incentives, solidary incentives, purposive incentives
93. What are material incentives?	94. Money and benefits
95. What are solidary incentives?	96. Opportunities for companionship and fun
97. What are purposive incentives?	98. The desire for advancing some political goal based on a sense of what should be
99. What sort of incentive would have the greatest difficulty in raising funds?	100. Purposive incentive
101. What are some ways for interest groups to raise funds?	102. Foundation grants, Federal grants/contracts, direct mail, public funding thru tax returns
103. What percentage of contacts does direct mail need to give donations to succeed?	104. 2%
105. Why do individuals who have given to interest groups often get called on by other interest groups?	106. Interest groups commonly share mailing lists
107. What kind of people are more likely to form interest groups?	108. Higher income people
109. What percentage of interest groups in Washington D.C. represent corporations?	110. About 50%
111. Why do most people fail to join mass-membership interest groups?	112. They don’t think it will make a difference if they join.
113. Why do people join the PTA?	114. For solidary reasons (social reasons: companionship)
115. What is a major function of local chapters of a national membership?	116. Raise membership and money
117. What incentives would most likely cause someone to join a farm bureau (farming interest group)?	118. Material incentives (money and benefits)
119. When interest group members are offered reduced rates on car rentals and insurance they are provided this kind of incentive.	120. Material incentive
121. What do you call something of value that benefits both actual members and potential members of a group, for example, clean air?	122. A collective good
123. What do you call the rule that the larger the potential group for an interest group, the less likely potential members will contribute?	124. Olson’s Law of Large Groups
125. What rule argues that the smaller the interest group the more effectively organized and motivated it will be?	126. Olson’s Law of Large Groups
127. What is a class of interest groups that suffer significantly due to Olson’s Law of Large Groups?	128. Consumer groups like the National Consumer League
129. What are the obstacles for large groups?	130. Raising funds and attracting government support
131. What is an advantage for small groups making it easier to organize and activate members?	132. There is more at stake for a small group
133. What are two groups with extremely large potential membership?	134. National Organization of Women and the AARP
135. What interest groups includes many members with narrow, uncompromising interests?	136. Single-issue interest groups
137. What is an advantage single-issue interest groups often have?	138. Intensity
139. What subject is especially emotional among single-interest issue groups?	140. Abortion
141. How many groups were listed in the Encyclopedia of Associations in the year 2000?	142. Over 20,000
143. Where do most interest groups have their headquarters?	144. Washington D.C.
145. Almost every interest group has:	146. A staff and publications
147. What has happened to the level of diversity in interest groups over the last few decades?	148. Increased greatly
149. What do we call communication between a person on the behalf of others directed to a government decision maker, usually in the legislative or executive branch, with the hope of influencing policy?	150. Lobbying
151. What is the most effective resource interest groups have?	152. Information
153. Why do Legislators rely on interest groups for information?	154. Legislators can’t be experts on everything
155. What happens to a lobby if it lies to a legislator?	156. It loses influence
157. What are three basic strategies of lobbying?	158. electioneering, litigation, lobbying
159. How can a lobbyist help a member of Congress?	160. Obtain group support for reelecting Congressmember, provide info on specialized policy areas, advice on political strategy, organizational help, help accomplishing legislative goals
161. What are the two types of lobbyists?	162. Full-time employees and consultants
163. What is electioneering?	164. Helping a politician to win an election
165. What is the least effective thing a lobbyist could try to do with a Congress member?	166. Try to convert them to the lobbyist’s position
167. When does lobbying work best?	168. When the politician already agree with the interest group
169. Why do interest groups come up with legislator rankings to show their level of commitment to issues the interest groups hold important?	170. To influence how those legislators make policy
171. What does the Dirty Dozen refer to?	172. A list of 12 legislators who were most against environmental protection reform
173. What does an interest group hope to do with public opinion polls?	174. Develop strategy and/or show public support for their issue to influence legislators
175. How can interest groups use newspapers to influence legislators?	176. Get them to run favorable editorials
177. Can a Congressmember start a PAC?	178. Yes
179. What percentage of House campaign money came from PACs?	180. 33%
181. What does most PAC money go to, year in year out?	182. Incumbents
183. What part of what an interest group does do PACs concern themselves with?	184. Electioneering
185. What is a legal way for interest groups to funnel money into a politician’s campaign?	186. PACs
187. Why do interest groups give most of their money to incumbents?	188. Incumbents are more likely to win.
189. How can a PAC play it safe?	190. Give money to an incumbent and a challenger
191. How often do we find politicians who have had nothing to do with PACs?	192. Very rare; only a handful
193. What do Steve Sovern’s LASTPAC and Common Cause agree on?	194. They believe candidates should not accept money from PACs
195. What has been the most successful tactic for civil rights and environmental groups?	196. Litigation
197. What are written arguments given to the courts in support of one side of a case by groups or individuals who are not before the court?	198. Amicus curiae briefs
199. What does amicus curiae mean?	200. Friend of the court
201. What enables a group of plaintiffs with similar grievances or problems combine into a single lawsuit?	202. Class action lawsuit
203. What requirement did flight attendants use a class action lawsuit to get rid of?	204. The requirement to be unmarried
205. What do interest group do when they “go public”?	206. Use public relations and advertising to improve their image
207. How does the United States government affect the economy?	208. Regulations, tax code such as penalties and advantages, subsidies, contracts, international trade policy
209. What do economic interest groups focus on?	210. Prices, profits, wages
211. What interest groups are most in support of right-to-work laws?	212. Business groups
213. What was the peak of the union movement in the United States?	214. 1945
215. What percentage of workers were in unions in 1983?	216. About 20%
217. What percentage of workers are union today?	218. About 11%
219. What is the primary reason for decline in the numbers of union membership?	220. A decline in public support for unions
221. What do you call it when you are required to join a union to get the job?	222. Union shop
223. What do right-to-work laws outlaw?	224. Union shops; union membership as a condition of employment
225. What are two umbrella groups that, between them, include most corporations and businesses?	226. National Business Council and Congress of Industrial Organizations
227. What type of PAC has increased more dramatically than any other?	228. Business PACs
229. When did Environmental Groups see a sharp increase in growth?	230. 1970 (first Earth Day)
231. Why does Big Business not always get what it wants?	232. Business groups have different interests
233. What kind of interest groups seek collective goods, goods that benefit almost everyone, mostly nonmembers?	234. Public interest groups
235. What has been the most obvious success of the Environmental Movement?	236. Keeping the nuclear industry from spreading
237. What is the biggest problem for consumer groups and other public interest groups?	238. Free-rider problem
239. When did the number of public interest groups see significant growth?	240. 1970s
241. What kind of interest group has a coherent set of principles, often controversial principles?	242. Ideological groups
243. What is the oldest, largest African American interest group that has fought for African American equality?	244. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP
245. What is the name of the NAACP’s effort to get businesses to increase the use of minorities as employees and for contracts	246. Fair Share Program
247. Besides segregation and discrimination, what have civil rights groups focused on?	248. Broader economic issues
249. What is required for a successful social movement?	250. A widely shared demand for change
251. What did NOW (the National Organization of Women) change its focus to rather than the ERA?	252. Individual laws to protect women’s rights
253. What policy entrepreneur was the main founder of the consumer rights movement, creating over a dozen interest groups in the mid-1960s?	254. Ralph Nader
255. What kind of interest group is Common Cause?	256. A public interest group
257. What do public interest law firms do?	258. Bring lawsuits against a public or private policy, file amicus curiae briefs
259. What are some conservative public interest law firms?	260. Atlantic Legal Foundation, Criminal Justice Legal Foundation, Landmark Legal Foundation
261. What are some liberal public interest law firms?	262. ACLU, NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, Women’s Legal Defense Fund
263. What impact has increased lobbying had on interest groups according to Robert Salisbury?	264. Less influence overall for interest groups
265. What is the relationship between interest groups and the scope (size) of government?	266. Both encourage the increase of the other
267. What are some examples of institutional interests?	268. The Wine lobby, the tobacco industry, U.S. Chamber of Commerce
269. What do we call the tendency of a departing government official to join a firm in which he had close ties to while in government?	270. Revolving door
271. What does the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 restrict or require?	272. No bribery, President has to disclose income from investments, no conflict of interest for officials when it comes to outside employment
273. What amendment protects interest group activity?	274. First Amendment

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APG 11 Interest Grps