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Pathology Unit 3
fractures part 1 & 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the most common affliction of bone? | fracture |
| What are the two categories of fractures? | *Direct *Indirect |
| What is an indirect fracture? | force of trauma is redirected |
| What is a direct fracture? | the fracture is at the site of trauma |
| What classification of fractures is when the surface of the skin is broken; bone is seen through the skin? | open/compound fx |
| What is the fx where skin is not broken? | closed or simple fx |
| What is the fx when the bone is not broken all the way through? | incomplete fx |
| T/F: an incomplete fx can be a simple fx. | true |
| What are some subsets of incomplete fx? | *hairline *greenstick *torus |
| What is the name of the fracture when the bone is broken all the way through? | complete fx |
| What are the two fractures that are classified by alignment? | *displaced *nondisplaced |
| What is a nondisplaced fx? | when the fragments from the fracture site are still in place |
| what fx occurs at a right angle to the long axis of the bone? | transverse fx |
| what type of fx is an incomplete that extends from the surface into but not all the way through a long bone? | fissure fx |
| What is another name for a fissure fx? | hairline fx |
| What is the fx when the axis of the fx is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the bone? | oblique fx |
| What type of fracture is when the bone appears to be twisted apart; caused by rotational stress; will wrap around the bone? | spiral fx |
| What is the type of fx where the cortex on one side of the bone is broken? | greenstick fx |
| What type of fx is a lengthwise break with the long axis of the bone? | longitudinal fx |
| What kind of fracture occurs when one fragment is driven into the other; usually in hips and shoulders? | impacted fx |
| What is a subset of an impacted fx and incomplete fx; its cortex is buckled; usually in younger kids, the bone is flexible, the bone doesn't break but is compressed in the center? | torus fx |
| What is another name for a torus fx? | buckle fx |
| What is the fracture called when the bone is fractured in more than 2 fragments? | comminuted fx |
| What is a Salter-Harris fx? | fracture into epiphyseal plate; can interrupt growth process (5 different types). |
| What type of salter-harris is when there is crushed injury to the physis? | V |
| What type of salter-harris is when the fx is partway thru physis extending UP into the metaphysis? | II |
| What is the type of salter-harris fracture when the fracture is thru the physis without displacement? | I |
| What is the type of salter-harris fracture is when the fracture is partway thru physis extending DOWN into epiphysis? | III |
| What is the type of salter-harris fracture when the fracture is thru the metaphysis, physis & epiphysis? | IV |
| What type of fracture occurs at points of muscle attachment? | avulsion |
| Where are some common sites for avulsion fractures? | calcaneus, tibial tuberosity, elbow (olecranon process brakes off) |
| What type of fracture is caused from constant stress on the bone to make a transverse fx? | stress fx |
| What are another names for a stress fx? | fatigue & march fx |
| What is a fracture that occurs spontaneously in diseased bone? | pathologic fx |
| What is a fracture that enters a joint? | intra-articular fracture |
| What is a fracture of the skull, a fragment is depressed; aka "ping pong" fx? | depression fx |
| What is the fracture with small pieces of bone which are chipped off a bone? | chip fx |
| What is a fracture of the femur between the lesser and greater trochanter? | intertrochanteric fracture |
| What is a intracapsular fracture of the femur? | subcapital neck fx |
| What is a fx of the femur that is below the greater and lesser trochanter? | subtrochanteric fx |
| What is healing of a fracture in an abnormal (non-anatomic) position? | malunion fx |
| What is a fracture that has failed to heal after several months? | nonunion fx |
| What is it called when a bone is partially out of its joint? | subluxation |
| What is it called when a bone is totally out of its joint? | dislocation |
| What is another word for dislocation? | luxation |
| What is a fracture that is not visible on an xray with 24-48 hours of trauma; normally becomes visible within three to four weeks at the time that fracture site is healing? | occult fx |
| What are some causes of positive fat pad sign? | *joint effusion *false-negative due to poor positioning *rheumatoid arthritis |
| What is a fracture of the 5th metacarpal as a result of a blow to or with the hand? | boxer's fx |
| What is a fracture at the base of the 1st metacarpal with involvement of the 1st metacarpal joint? | Bennett's fx |
| What fx results from a small avulsion fragment that remains attached to the trapezium and index metacarpal? | Bennett's fx |
| What is a fracture when there is a subluxation or dislocation of the main metacarpal shaft fragment? | Bennett's fx |
| What fracture is of the distal radius with posterior displacement and a chip fx of the ulnar styloid? | Colle's fx |
| What fx is known as the "dinner fork deformity"? | Colle's fx |
| With a Colle's fx, which way does the hand go? posterior? anterior? | posterior |
| What fx is when the distal radius is displaced anterior or forward? | Smith's |
| Which fx has palmar displacement? Colle's? Smith's? Barton's? | Smith's |
| What is a Barton's fx? | intra-articular fx of the distal radius with dislocation of the radiocarpal joint. |
| For Barton's fx, are fractures displaced volar or dorsal? | can be displaced volar or dorsal |
| what fracture is of the lateral & medial malleolus? | bimalleolar fx |
| What fracture is of the posterior distal tibia and lateral & medial malleolus? | trimalleolar fx |
| What is a bi or trimalleolar fracture with dislocation of the ankle joint? | pott's fracture |
| Which sesamoid is located just proximal to the base of the 5th metatarsal under the foot? | os peroneum |
| Which sesamoid is located posterior to the talus? | os trigonum |
| what type of fracture is a collapse of a vertebral body? | compression fx |
| What fracture is a burst fx of the ring of C1? | Jefferson's fx |
| What is a bilateral fracture of pars interarticularis of the axis (C2)? | Hangman's fx |
| What is the difference between a hangman's fx and a flexion teardrop fx? | hangman's is a fx of the posterior aspect of the vertebral body and a flexion teardrop is a fx of the anterior aspect of the vertebral body. |
| What is the most common way a flexion teardrop fx occurs? | car accidents |
| What are the four stages of healing? | 1)hematoma 2)granulation tissue 3)callus formation 4)remodeling |
| Which stage of healing requires complete immobilization? | hematoma |
| What organisms build bone? | osteoblasts |
| What organisms destroy dead bone? | osteoclasts |
| What does R.I.C.E. stand for? | rest, ice, compression, elevation |
| What is the treatment for subluxation? | closed reduction |
| What did external fixation replace? | traction |
| What makes up an external fixation device? | screws are placed into the bone above and below the fracture and a device is attached to the screws from the outside of the skin, where it may be adjusted to realign the bone |
| What is traction? | realigns broken bones when operative fixation is not an option. |
| How does traction work? | aligns the ends of a fracture by pulling the limb into a straight position with the use of weights and pulleys |
| What are the two types of traction? | *skin traction *skeletal traction |
| What is the disorder called when an individual has more than five fingers or toes? | polydactyly |
| What is an abnormal connection of fingers or toes "webbed" digits failed to separate normally during development? | syndactyly |
| In syndactyly, what digits are most commonly involved? | middle and ring fingers |
| What kind of syndactyly is when the fusion involves just the soft tissue between the digits? | simple syndactyly |
| What refers to the shortening of the fingers or toes due to underdevelopment of the bones in the hands or feet? | brachydactyly |
| What kind of syndactyly is when it involves fusion between the bones? | complex syndactyly |
| What is the congenital absence of all or part of one or more fingers or toes? | Ectrodactyly |
| What disorder is also known as the lobster-claw syndrome? | ectrodactyly |
| What is also known as split hand/foot malformation? | ectrodactyly |
| what does SHFM stand for? | split hand/foot malformation |
| What is another name for club foot? | talipes |
| What happens to the foot in talipes? | the foot turns inward and downward at birth, resisting realignment |
| What does DDH stand for? | Developmental dysplasia of the hip |
| What happens when an individual has DDH? | displacement of the femoral head from the acetabulum (during the perinatal period) which disrupts the normal development of the hip joint |
| What are other names for DDH? | *congenital hip dislocation *hip dysphasia |
| "clicking" sound made when the legs are pushed apart, skin folds in the thighs appear uneven, less flexibility on the affected side, and walking with a limp, waddle or walking on toes are all symptoms of what disorder? | DDH/ hip dysphagia |
| What is the treatment for DDH? | pavlik harness, closed reduction, surgery and spica cast |
| What is the name of the harness worn to treat DDH? | pavlik harness |
| What is the name of the cast a baby wears after having surgery to treat DDH? | spica cast |
| What is the name of the deformity known as sunken/funnel chest? | pectus excavatum |
| T/F: pectus excavatum is more common in males than females. | true |
| What is the congenital chest wall deformity in which several ribs and the sternum grow abnormally producing a concave or caved in appearance in the anterior chest wall? | pectus excavatum |
| What is the name of the condition in which a vertebra in the spine slips out of the proper position onto the bone below it? | spondylolisthesis |
| What is the most common treatment for spondylolisthesis? | with exercises to stretch and strengthen the lower back muscles |
| What is the name of the disorder for an abnormal curvature of the spine? | scoliosis |
| T/F: In scoliosis, usually the convex is to the right in the thoracic and the convex is to the left in the lumbar spine. | true |
| What is the rotary deformity where the vertebral bodies are rotated toward the convex side of the curve and may produce a rib cage deformity? | rotoscoliosis |
| T/F: in rotoscoliosis, the vertebral bodies are so rotated they almost look lateral. | true |
| What type of scoliosis results from poor posture or different leg lengths? | functional |
| What type of scoliosis is idiopathic, muscular imbalance or results from trauma or disease? | structural |
| T/F: individuals that have scoliosis and wear a brace, that brace will correct the curve as long as they wear it everyday. | false; it does not correct the curve, it prevents the curve from getting worse. |
| What is used to measure the degree of severity of scoliosis? | Lippman-Cobb method |
| What kind of rods are place just above and below the site of surgery in scoliosis patients? | Harrington rods |
| What is another name for the hunchback deformity? | kyphosis |
| Kyphosis signifies the presence of what disease? | osteoporosis |
| Kyphosis affects what part of the spine? | thoracic |
| What is the congenital condition in which the patella develops from 2 ossification centers and that results in a main and accessory bone? | bipartite patella |
| The main and accessory bones are connected by what kind of tissue? | fibrocartilaginous tissue |
| What is it called when there are abnormal ribs coming off of C7? | cervical ribs |
| What is the disease where there is a bacterial bone infection? | osteomyelitis |
| What does osteomyelitis look like radiographically? | *loss of cortical margins *abscess |
| T/F: rheumatoid arthritis progressively only destroys the cartilage. | false; destroys both bone and cartilage |
| What joints does rheumatoid arthritis normally begin at? | hands and feet |
| What does rheumatoid arthritis look like radiographically? | joint swelling, demineralization of bone next to joint, erosion of bony margin around joint, thinning of joint space, deformity of joint |
| What is the treatment for rheumatoid arthritis? | no cure; treatments help control and minimize disability and deformities |
| What is the disease also known as bamboo spine? | ankylosing spondylitis |
| What parts are normally affected by ankylosing spondylitis? | vertebrae and sacroiliac joints |
| What is ankylosing spondylitis? | articular cartilage is destroyed and fibrous adhesions develop; fusion of the vertebrae into a solid block of bone |
| What is gouty arthritis? | idiopathic, increased uric acid in the blood serum: deposits in the joint and adjacent bone and causes acute inflammatory reaction, more common in men and more common in the big toe |
| What disease is also known as DJD (degenerative joint disease)? | osteoarthritis |
| What disease is a loss of joint cartilage and reactive new bone formation? | osteoarthritis |
| What does osteoarthritis look like radiographically? | *narrowing of the joint space *cyst-like bony deposits in joints *joint deformity *bone growths |
| What disease is a loss of bone density resulting in porous and brittle bones? | osteoporosis |
| What disease is known as the "silent disease" because it has no symptoms? | osteoporosis |
| What is used for diagnosis of osteoporosis? | bone densitometry |
| What helps move calcium from the small intestines to the blood? | vitamin D |
| What helps increase calcium absorption from blood to bone? | magnesium |
| What is the disease of softening of the bones caused by a failure of the normal calcification (calcium deposits)? | osteomalacia |
| Patients who have osteomalacia and osteoporosis, do you want to decrease or increase kVp? | decrease; there is a loss of bone |
| What disease is when there is a hypersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland when the bones have stopped growing? | Acromegaly |
| What bones are most affected by acromegaly? | jaw and forehead |
| What disease is normally a result from a pituitary tumor? | acromegaly |
Created by:
mokapis
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