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Psych Test #3
Chapter 12, 9.2, 8.1-3, 13, 12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define difference between "me" and "I" | -"I" = subject, thinks/experiences/acts -"me" = empirical self, object |
| 3 parts of the empirical self | -social self -> defines you in relation to others (expectations) -material self -> possessions define you -spiritual self -> traits/abilities/ambitions/emotion, intangible |
| 3 functions of empirical self | -cognitive -> interpretation -behavioral -> values drive actions -motivational -> future possible self to work toward |
| 3 themes of the self (ABC's) | affect/emotion, behavior, cognition |
| define the processes & goals of thinking | used to integrate/operate on concepts & manipulate them |
| 4 processes & goals of thinking | -categorization -reasoning -problem-solving -decision-making |
| building blocks of thinking | mental representations/concepts |
| 2 representational forms forms of thinking | -visual/pictorial -propositional/linguistic* |
| self-concept | -intuitive theory of how we relate/experience/function within vast range of significance experiences & contexts -your understanding/narrative of who you are -developed/maintained through relationships with others |
| self-representations | -capture who you've been over the years -can be contradictory = self-discrepancies -working self-concept |
| what 2 things does behavior depend on? | person & situation |
| emotion | ubiquitous immediate subjective evaluative responses to events |
| 3 components of emotions | -cognitive reactions -> intuitive -physiological reactions -> arousal -subjective/phenomenological experiences -> what it feels like |
| role of emotion | appropriate patterns of responding to an event & a way to express how you're feeling |
| 3 purposes of emotion | -adaptation (e.g. fight or flight) -cognitive -> focuses attention, influence behavior, aids memory -relationships (e.g. guilt, embarrassment) |
| James-Lange theory | -stimulus -> physiological arousal -> subjective experience -arousal directly produces emotional response |
| problem with James-Lange theory | not enough different physiological arousal for difference experiences |
| Cannon-Bard theory | -stimulus perceived -> physiological arousal & subjective experience -separated physiology & experience as independent processes |
| Schachter-Singer theory | -stimulus -> physiological arousal -> cognitive interpretation -> subjective experience -experiment: saline/norepinephrine & effect of rooms |
| self-esteem | -how you feel about your self-representations -unconscious perspectives can affect self-esteem |
| motivation | driving force behind behavior |
| 3 roles of motivation | -activates -> initial impetus -sustains -> persistence -guides -> direction toward goals |
| 2 types of motivation | -physiologically based -> body processes that maintain homeostasis -cognitively based -> purpose of goals/motives, achievement-oriented |
| 3 components of physiologically based motivation | -instincts -> unlearned behavior triggered by outside cues -needs - deficiencies & deprivations -drives - physiological state that works to satisfy needs |
| 2 components of cognitively based motivation | -extrinsic motives -> external contingencies -intrinsic motives -> internal rewards, killed with extrinsic motives (i.e. overjustification effect) |
| commonsense psychology/social cognition | -person & situation inversely related -always trying to understand world around us -sense of control always needed -> produces dispositional attribution -live in cause/effect world |
| 4 processes of social cognition based on what we see/infer internally | -attention -> what you focus on determines what you see -interpretation -judgement -memory |
| 4 tacticians of motivation | -manage self-image -conserving effort -accuracy -outcomes/attitudes |
| 2 ways that allow us to see what we want | -conservation bias -> seek evidence to confirm belief & reject evidence that disagree -belief perseverance -> have a belief & it shapes processing of information |
| way that allows us to remember our way | reconstructive memory -> based off how you feel currently, done in 3rd person, can't be trusted (implanted/flawed) |
| self-serving biases | tendency to see oneself favorably |
| 3 factors that shape self-serving biases | -objective vs. subjective* -public vs. private* -aschematic vs. schematic (idea central to personal schema)* |
| 3 ways in which self-serving biases manifest | -self-enhancing -> take credit for good things -self-effacing -> never taking responsibility -counterdefense -> don't take credit & always take responsibility |
| 4 outcomes of self-serving biases | -fundamental attribution error -> judging others based off fn of who they are -actor/observer divergence -> judging based off negative behavior as fn of situation -false consensus -> overestimation of how many people agree with belief -false uniqueness |
| 2 needs of a person | need to be liked/loved/belong & be special/unique |
| 2 reasons to self-serve | -avoid depression & anxiety -feel good about yourself |
| autobiographical memory | -stored as narratives about episodes & traits -organizes/binds highlights of life -finds unique traits to conceptualize (self-schema) -narratives & schema don't always match |
| self-relevance | memory for trait enhanced/strengthened when making judgments about oneself |
| self-verification | tendency to seek evidence to confirm self-concept |
| 3 benefits of self-esteem | -status -> worthy of respect -belonging -> evolutionary standpoint, use sociometer -security -> fear of death, mortality, finding value |
| narcissism | grandiose view of self combined with tendency to seek admiration from & exploit others |
| implicit egotism | -people not aware they're influenced by own names -automatic response to self-appreciate (snap judgments) |
| concept | -mental representation that groups/categorizes shared features of related objects/events/stimuli -based on similarities |
| necessary condition | something that must be true in order to belong |
| sufficient condition | if true, proves that it belongs |
| family resemblance theory | features appearing to be characteristic of category members but not possessed by every member |
| prototype theory | -"best"/typical member of category serves as model -uses right visual field/LH & visual cortex |
| exemplar theory | -category judgments made by comparing new instance with stored memories for other instances of category -helps with specifics -faster in left visual field/RH -uses prefrontal cortex & basal ganglia |
| category-specific deficit | -inability to recognize objects belonging to particular category through ability to recognize objects outside of category undisturbed -brain "prewired" to organize sensory inputs into broad categories -deficits come from damage in LH of cerebral cortex |
Created by:
Tiffanyy
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