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Chapter 8
Psyc 121
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| motivation | the biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior |
| instinct theories | the view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming |
| drive theories | the view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs |
| homeostasis | the idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels; in general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium |
| drive | a need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis |
| incentive theories | the view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals, such as rewards |
| arousal theory | the view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal - neither too high nor too low |
| sensation seeking | the degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities |
| humanistic theories of motivation | the view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential |
| glucose | simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats; commonly called blood sugar |
| insulin | hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior |
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) | when the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration |
| adipose tissue | body fat that is the main source of store, or reserve, energy |
| energy homeostasis | the long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure |
| ghrelin | hormone manufactured primarily by the stomach that stimulates appetite and the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland |
| positive incentive value | in eating behavior, the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food; in general, the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in performing a particular behavior |
| satiation | in eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and diminshed desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal; in general, the sensation of having an appetite or desire fully or excessively satisfied |
| cholecystokinin (CCK) | hormone secreted primarily by the small intestine that promotes satiation; also found in the brain |
| senosry-specific satiety | the reduced desire to continue consuming a particular food |
| leptin | hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior |
| neuropeptide Y (NPY) | neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus that stimulate eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain |
| set-point theory | theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal body weight, called the set-point weight, that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feeling of hunger and body metabolism |
| settling-point models of weight regulation | general model of weight regulation suggesting that body weight settles, or stabilizes, around the point at which there is balance between the factors influencing energy intake and energy expenditure |
| body mass index (BMI) | a numerical scale indicating adult height in relation to weight; calculated as (703 x weight in pounds)/ height in inches |
| obese | condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index equal to or greater than 30.0 |
| cafeteria diet effect | the tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable foods is available |
| leptin resistance | a condition in which higher-than-normal blood levels of the hormone leptin do not produce the expected physiological response |
| weight cycling | repeated cycles of dieting, weight loss, and weight regain; also called yo-yo dieting |
| sexual orientation | the direction of a person's emotional and erotic attraction toward members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes |
| hierarchy of needs | Maslow's hierarchical division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs to psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs |
| self-actualization | defined by Maslow as a person's "full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities." |
| achievement motivation | the desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task |
| thematic apperception test (TAT) | a projective test developed by Henry Murray and his colleagues that involves creating stores about ambiguous scenes that can be interpreted in a variety of ways |
| emotion | a complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response |
| emotional intelligence | the capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others |
| basic emotions | the most fundamental set of emotion categories, with are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal |
| interpersonal engagement | emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or other people |
| amygdala | almond-shaped cluster or neurons in the brain's temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear |
| anthropomorphism | the attribution of human traits, motives, emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman animals or inanimate objects |
| display rules | social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression, especially facial expressions |
| James-Lange theory of emotion | the theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes |
| facial feedback hypothesis | the view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion |
| two-factor theory of emotions | Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal |
| cognitive appraisal theory of emotion | the theory that emotional responses are triggered by a cognitive evaluation |
| self-efficacy | the degree to which a person is convinced that his or her ability to effectively meet the demand of a particular situation |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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