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Chapter 6
Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| maintenance rehearsal | the mental or verbal repetition of information in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory |
| chunking | increasing the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory by grouping related items together into a single unit, or chunk |
| working memory | the temporary storage and active, conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving |
| elaborative rehearsal | rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory |
| procedural memory | category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions |
| clustering | organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory |
| semantic network model | a model that describes units of information in long-term memory as being organized in a complex network of associations |
| retrieval | the process of accessing stored information |
| retrieval cue | a clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long-term memory |
| retrieval cue failure | the inability to recall long-term memories because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues |
| tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experience | a memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it |
| recall (aka free recall) | a test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cue |
| cued recall | a test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue |
| recognition | a test of long-term memory that involves identifying correct information out of several possible choices |
| serial position effect | the tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle |
| encoding specificity principle | the principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful |
| context effect | the tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information |
| mood congruence | an encoding specificity phenomenon in which a given mod tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood |
| flashbulb memory | the recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate |
| forgetting | the inability to recall information that was previously available |
| encoding failure | the inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory |
| deja vu experience | a memory illusion characterized by brief but intense feelings of familiarity in a situation that has never been experienced before |
| source memory or source monitoring | memory for when, where, and how a particular experience or piece of information was acquired |
| prospective memory | remembering to do something in the future |
| decay theory | the view that forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time |
| interference theory | the theory that forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another (more similar the memories, the more likely that interference will occur) |
| retroactive interference | forgetting in which a new memory interferes with remembering an old memory; backward-acting memory interference |
| proactive interference | forgetting in which an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory; forward-acting memory interference |
| suppression | motivated forgetting that occurs consciously; a deliberate attempt to not think about and remember specific information |
| repression | motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously; a memory that is blocked and unavailable to consciousness |
| misinformation effect | a memory-distortion phenomenon in which a person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information |
| source confusion | a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten |
| false memory | a distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually happen |
| schema | an organized cluster of information about a particular topic |
| script | a schema for the typical sequence of an everyday event |
| imagination inflation | a memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred |
| memory trace or engram | the hypothetical brain changes associated with a particular stored memory |
| long-term potentiation | a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons |
| amnesia | severe memory loss |
| retrograde amnesia | loss of memory, especially for episodic information; back-ward-acting amnesia |
| memory consolidation | the gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes |
| anterograde amnesia | loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories; forward-acting amnesia |
| dementia | progressive deterioration and impairment of memory, reasoning, and other cognitive functions occurring as the result of a disease or a condition |
| Alzheimer's disease (AD) | a progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing the memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the complete inability to care for oneself; the most common cause of dementia |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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