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Psych 210
Chap 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biological forces | genetic and health related factors that affect development |
| psychological forces | internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development |
| sociocultural forces | interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development |
| life-cycle forces | reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages |
| biopsychosocial framework | combination of all four forces which make up a person |
| Psychodynamic theories | propose that human behavior is governed by motives and drives that are internal and often unconscious |
| psychosocial theory | proposed by erikson in which personality devleopment is determined by the interaction of an internal maturation plan and external societal demands |
| Epigenetic principle | each psychosocial strength has its own special time or period of importance |
| Learning theory | how learning influences person's behavior |
| behaviorism | experiences determine development; skinner operant conditioning |
| operant conditioning | consequences of behavior determine if behavior is repeated in the future based on reinforcement and punishment |
| social cognitive theory | complex view of reward, punishment and imitation |
| self-efficacy | peoples beliefs about their own abilities and talents |
| cognitive development theory | how people think and how thinking changes over time |
| information processing theory | mental hardware and mental software |
| Vygotsky | development is an apprenticeship childrne learn by being with skilled parents...culture |
| ecological systems theory | human development is inseperable from environment which a person develops in |
| microsystem | people and objects in th individuals immediate environment |
| mesosystem | connection of microsystems |
| exosystem | soicial settings a person does not experience firsthand but affects development |
| macrosystem | cultures in which all other systems are embedded |
| competence-environmental press theory | how well people adapt depends on the match between their abilities and the demands put on them by the environment |
| life-span perspective | human development multiply determined by what is before and what if after |
| multidirectionality | development involves both growth and decline |
| plasticity | capacity is not predetermined or carved in stone |
| historical context | develop based on circumstance from when we were born |
| multiple causation | development results from all 4 forces |
| selective optimization with compensation | choosing and maintaining goals |
| optimization | involves minimization of losses and the maximization of gains |
| life course perspective | various generations experience things differently in their respective historical contexts |
| correlational studies | investigators look at relations betwen variables as they exist naturally in the world |
| longitudinal study | same individuals are observed or tested repeatedly at different periods in their lives |
| cross sectional | developmental differences identified by testing people of different ages |
| sequential design | crosssectional and longitudinal design |
| metanalysis | synthesizes the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables |
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