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Histology 1 Test 2
CARTILAGE AND BONE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cartilage contains type # collagen. | Type 2 collagen |
| Which type of collagen provides strength, resiliency, and flexibility. | type 2 collagen |
| Cartilage is vascular or avascular? | avascular |
| This tissue depends on diffusion of nutrients through highly hydrated ground substance | cartilage |
| Cartilage forms ____ on long and irregular bones. | template |
| Cartilage provides a _____ free surface for bones to glide and rotate on. | friction free |
| Cartilage shapes ___ and ____. Support ____. holds ____ together. | nose and ear, supports vertebrae, pelvis |
| Names 2 cells of cartilage | chondroblasts, chondrocytes |
| This cartlage cell has no lacune | chondroblast |
| Chondroblasts derive directly from ____ cells. | mesenchymal cells |
| These cells synthesize and secrete cartilage matrix | chondroblast |
| These cells are considered to be young chondrocytes | chondroblasts |
| These cells synthesize collagen and elastic fibers for cartilage. (2) | chondroblasts and chondrocytes |
| This cartilage cell has lacuna | chondrocyte |
| Chondrocytes have _____ to increase surface area. | microvilli |
| These cells are considered to be old chondroblasts | chondrocyte |
| Name 2 phases of the cartilage matrix | organized phase and unorganized phase |
| Organized phase produces what? (2) | collagen, elastic fibers |
| ______ is present in all types of cartilage. | collagen |
| T or F collagen is visible in fibrous cartilage | True |
| _____ of cartilage masks collagen in elastic an hyaline. | proteoglycan |
| Ground substance is associated with the _____ phase in the matrix of cartilage. | ground substance |
| Ground substance of cartilage is made of several ________ (GAGs. | Mucopolysaccharides |
| Chondroitin sulfate is the most common | mucopolysaccharide |
| Chondromucoprotein is AKA | proteoglycan |
| Chondromucoprotein and chondroitin sulfate are components of cartilage ____ ______. | ground substance |
| What process is this: 1) Mesenchymal cells aggregate and form proto-chondral tissue...2) Then they differentiate into chondroblasts...3) Chondroblasts produce cartilage matrix...4) As they are surrounded by matrix, they become chondrocytes in lacuna. | Histogenesis |
| *** What is this process in bone and cartilage: Deposition of intercellular substance on the surface of cartilage by chondroblasts causing a growth in width. | *** Appositional growth |
| What process is this in cartilage: 1) Mitosis of chondroblasts/cytes...2) Cartilage grows from within...3) Very young cartilage grows like this | Interstitial growth |
| ***This vitamin stimulates maturation of epiphyseal plate | ***Vitamin A |
| This vitamin is a necessary cofactor for synthesis of maintenance of collagen and ground substance | Vitamin C |
| This vitamin stimulates calcification of cartilage | Vitamin D |
| This hormone stimulates secretory activity of chondrocytes and stimulates mitosis in epiphyseal plates | growth hormone |
| This hormone stimulates metabolism of chondrocytes | thyroxin |
| This hormone stimulates growth of cartilage and fibrilogenesis | Estrogens and androgens |
| These hormones retard maturation of cartilage and its replacement by bone at the epiphyseal plate | ACTH and Cortisol |
| *** T or F: Things have an easy time passing through cartilage? | False, it is hard to pass through cartilage |
| Name 3 types of cartilage. | hyaline, elastic, fibrous |
| Articular cartilages of joints, costal cartilage, and respiratory passage cartilage are examples of what type of cartilage and are they permanent or temporary? | hyaline, permanent |
| What type of cartilage and permanent or temporary? Epiphyseal plates, embryonic cartilage, and areas of the skeleton | hyaline, temporary |
| This type of cartilage appears (macroscopic) translucent, glassy, and bluish/ pearly white tint. | Hyaline cartilage |
| All hyaline cartilage except articular cartilage is surrounded by (what type of tissue?) and is called _____. | Dense irregular CT, perichondrium |
| This area of perichondrium is closer to the cartlage, less fibrous, more cellular. | Inner perichondrium |
| This area of perichondrium is inconspicuous after cessation of growth (appears to be growth regulator). | inner perichondrium |
| This area of perichondrium is more fibrous, less cellular, and is a protective envelope | Outer perichondrium |
| This area of perichondrium contains many blood vessels and nerves | outer perichondrium |
| If matrix becomes calcified over time these cells may die. | Chondrocytes of hyaline cartilage |
| Many chondrocytes in a group are called cell ____ or an _____ group | cell nest, isogenous group |
| Matrix appearance: 1)Collagen fibers in _____ sulfate | chondroitin sulfate |
| Matrix appearance: 2)Chondroitin sulfate contains _-acetyl ______ and _____ acid+sulfuric acid | N-acetyl galactosamine, glucoronic acid |
| Matrix appearance: 3)_____ matrix=area surrounding lacuna | territorial matrix |
| Matrix appearance: 4)__________(keratin sulfate, hyaluronic acid) present in ground substance | glycosaminoglycans |
| Hyaline cartilage has a well developed __ and ___; with age they become inconspicuous | rER, golgi |
| Hyaline cartilage displays what structure to increase surface area? | microvilli |
| What is this process: 1)mes. cells divide rapidly 2)Morph into chondroblasts 3)Chondroblasts begin secreting intercellular matrix, and are pushed away from each other 4)Now called chondrocytes 5)Mes. cells surround the cartilage primordium become peri. | Formation of cartilage |
| Hyaline cartilage develops from ______ cells | mesenchyme cells |
| This cartilage is found in epiglottis, external ear, and auditory tube (pinna). | elastic cartilage |
| This cartilage resembles hyaline, but in verhoff stain elastic fibers appear black | elastic cartilage |
| This cartilage is more elastic and tougher | elastic cartilage |
| This cartilage has larger cells and is more vascular | elastic cartilage |
| This cartilage is found in intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis, and ligamentum teres femoris. | Fiberous cartilage |
| This cartilage provides stiffness, tensile strength, and withstands pressure. | Fiberous cartilage |
| This cartilage has fewer cells than any other cartilage. | Fibrous cartilage |
| The function of this tissue is support, protection, storage of calcium, and attachment of muscles and tendons | bone |
| The properties of this tissue is rigid, tough; not inert, exhibits dynamic state; rich vascular supply | bone |
| 38% of bone is _____ | organic |
| 95% of bone is _____ | collagen |
| 5% of bone is complex _____ | polysaccharide (chondroitin sulfate/ hyaluronic acid) |
| 62% of bone is ______. | inorganic |
| *** Bone is _____ salt | *** hydroxyappatite |
| Name is molecule: 85% calcium phosphate; 10% calcium carbonate; 5% other ions (citrate, fluoride) | hydroxyappatite salt |
| This type of bone appears porous | spongy bone |
| This type of bone is made from *spicules and trabeculae | spongy bone |
| This type of bone is found in marrow cavities and epiphyses of bone | spongy bone |
| In this type of bone cells and matrix are tightly packed | compact bone |
| In this type of bone arrangement of lamellae is specific; is called haversian systems | compact bone |
| Arrangement of lamellae in compact bone is called what? | haversian system |
| This bone feature expresses irregular dense CT around almost all bones; much like perichondrium in function | priosteum |
| In lamellae bone is deposited in ______. | layers |
| This feature of bone expresses lenticular shaped cavities at the center of the lamellae | Lacunae |
| These features exhibit tiny passages tubular in shape radiating in all directions of the lacunae | canliculi |
| In compact bone # types of lamellae are used | 3 types |
| Name the 3 types of lamellae: ______ systems; _______ lamellae; ______ lamella | Haversian systems, interstitial lamellae, circumferential lamellae (periosteal and endosteal lamellae) |
| another name for haversian system | concentric lamellae |
| This feature of haversian systems contains 6-8 lamellae | Osteon |
| This feature of haversian system has a circular opening at the center of the osteon. | haversian canal |
| This feature of haversian systems connects haversian canals. | Volksman canal |
| These features of bone are remnants of old osteons | Interstitial lamellae |
| These features of Circumferential lamellae are underneath the periosteum | outer lamellae |
| These features of circumferential lamellae go alnog with the endosteum | Inner lamellae |
| The periosteum has # layers | 2 layers |
| The outer layer of periosteum is the ______ layer | fibrous layer |
| The features of this layer in periosteum: dense, fibrous, relatively acellular, ***only fibroblasts present; After maturity it is hard to tell the difference between outer and inner layer. | Fibrous layer |
| The inner layer of periosteum is the _____ layer. | cellular layer |
| The features of this layer in the periosteum: more loose, less fibrous; more cellular | cellular layer |
| In this layer of periosteum there are undifferentiated cells that become osteoblasts; ***Osteogenic (stem cells | Cellular layer |
| These features are collagenous fibers of the ***outer periosteal layer are embedded into the bone, anchoring it down. | Sharpey's fibers |
| This layer of bone features the thin layer of osteoprogenitor cells lining the walls of the bone marrow cavity | endosteum |
| This layer of bone contains all the cavities of the bone ***(haversian, volkman canals) | endosteum |
| This layer of bone has ***osteogenic potential | endosteum |
| This layer of bone has ***hematogenic potential | endosteum |
| This is the cell of the bone | osteoblast |
| Osteoblasts are directly derived from _____ cells. | mesenchymal cells |
| Osteoblasts contain a lot of ____ making equipment. | protein making |
| Osteoblasts contain rER, a prominent _____ nucleus, and a large ____ apparatus. | leptochromatic nucleus, large golgi apparatus |
| The protein making equipment of osteoblasts type # collagen; and ___s | type 1 collagen, GAGs |
| What are these ingredients of: Chondroitin sulfate, karatan sulfate, sialoprotein, and osteocalcin | GAGs |
| Later in life osteoid gets calcium rich ____ through a different process. | calcium rich hydroxyapatite |
| What process is this step from: Calcium and phosphate ions must be at threshold concentrations in the osteoid. | how mature osteoid gets hydroxyapatie step 1 |
| What process is this step from: Osteoblasts also release alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme which causes large accumulations of calcium and phosphate | How mature osteoid gets hydroxyapatite step 2 |
| What process is this from: GAG binds extracellular Ca++ | How mature osteoid gets hydroxyapatite step 3 |
| What process is this from: osteoblasts also produce matrix vesicles which contain enzymes for cleaving and accumulating phosphate ions (most important part of hydroxyapatite precipitation). | How mature osteoid gets hydroxyapatite step 4 |
| What process is this from: Matrix vesicles accumulate and precipitate the initial hydroxyapatite, which complete mineralization occurs rapidly. | How mature osteoid gets hydroxyapatite. step 5 |
| A stellate-shaped stem cell of adult inner periosteum can become what? | osteoblasts |
| Endosteal cells of living bone can become what? | osteoblasts |
| Endothelial cells of blood vessels can become what? | osteoblasts |
| **What disease includes calcified arteries? | **Atherosclerosis |
| These areas are affected by what disease: arch of aorta, bifurcation of abdominal aorta, and aneurism adjustment...What hapens in these areas? | Atherosclerosis, calcified arteries |
| Atherosclerosis is caused by ______. | Smoking |
| Various ovarian tumors include what cell? | osteoblasts |
| This condition includes ectodermal cells differentiating without fertilization. | Teratoma |
| Where are osteoclasts derived from? | Monocytes |
| Bone macrophages are considered to be what type of cell? | Osteoclasts |
| These cells are phagocytic but they ***secrete lysosomal enzymes. | osteoclasts |
| These cells are multinucleated and contain many lysomsomes; have microvilli | osteoclasts |
| These cells appear to have a lacuna, however it is called "Howship's lacuna". | osteoclasts |
| This hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels. | Parathyroid hormone |
| This hormone induces osteoblasts to activate to break up calcium to dump into blood. | Parathyroid hormone |
| The thyroid gland secrets this hormone is response to increased levels of calcium levels in blood. | Calcitonin |
| This hormone activates osteoblasts to deposit more calcium | Calcitonin |
| Osteogenisis: this is the thin layer of uncalcified preosseous tissue during bone formation | Osteoid |
| Osteogenisis: this is the first deposition of bone | Spicule |
| Osteogenisis: spicules of bone radiate out from ossification centers in this structure | trabeculae |
| Osteogenisis: Many trabeculae of bone join together in a mosaic pattern in the form of scaffolding in this structure. | Spongy bone AKA Cancellous |
| Osteogenisis: This is the bone formed in embryonic development or fracture healing | Immature bone |
| Osteogenisis: During a healing or repair of fracture a new tissue develops in and around the fracture in this structure. | Callus |
| Osteogenisis: This is the boundary between osteons | Cementing line |
| Osteogenisis: This is the idea that living bone adapts to it's pressure, direction, and load. | Wolf's law |
Created by:
edwardmcbiggins