CARTILAGE AND BONE
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| Cartilage contains type # collagen. | Type 2 collagen
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| Which type of collagen provides strength, resiliency, and flexibility. | type 2 collagen
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| Cartilage is vascular or avascular? | avascular
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| This tissue depends on diffusion of nutrients through highly hydrated ground substance | cartilage
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| Cartilage forms ____ on long and irregular bones. | template
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| Cartilage provides a _____ free surface for bones to glide and rotate on. | friction free
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| Cartilage shapes ___ and ____. Support ____. holds ____ together. | nose and ear, supports vertebrae, pelvis
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| Names 2 cells of cartilage | chondroblasts, chondrocytes
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| This cartlage cell has no lacune | chondroblast
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| Chondroblasts derive directly from ____ cells. | mesenchymal cells
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| These cells synthesize and secrete cartilage matrix | chondroblast
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| These cells are considered to be young chondrocytes | chondroblasts
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| These cells synthesize collagen and elastic fibers for cartilage. (2) | chondroblasts and chondrocytes
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| This cartilage cell has lacuna | chondrocyte
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| Chondrocytes have _____ to increase surface area. | microvilli
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| These cells are considered to be old chondroblasts | chondrocyte
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| Name 2 phases of the cartilage matrix | organized phase and unorganized phase
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| Organized phase produces what? (2) | collagen, elastic fibers
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| ______ is present in all types of cartilage. | collagen
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| T or F collagen is visible in fibrous cartilage | True
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| _____ of cartilage masks collagen in elastic an hyaline. | proteoglycan
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| Ground substance is associated with the _____ phase in the matrix of cartilage. | ground substance
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| Ground substance of cartilage is made of several ________ (GAGs. | Mucopolysaccharides
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| Chondroitin sulfate is the most common | mucopolysaccharide
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| Chondromucoprotein is AKA | proteoglycan
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| Chondromucoprotein and chondroitin sulfate are components of cartilage ____ ______. | ground substance
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| What process is this: 1) Mesenchymal cells aggregate and form proto-chondral tissue...2) Then they differentiate into chondroblasts...3) Chondroblasts produce cartilage matrix...4) As they are surrounded by matrix, they become chondrocytes in lacuna. | Histogenesis
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| *** What is this process in bone and cartilage: Deposition of intercellular substance on the surface of cartilage by chondroblasts causing a growth in width. | *** Appositional growth
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| What process is this in cartilage: 1) Mitosis of chondroblasts/cytes...2) Cartilage grows from within...3) Very young cartilage grows like this | Interstitial growth
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| ***This vitamin stimulates maturation of epiphyseal plate | ***Vitamin A
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| This vitamin is a necessary cofactor for synthesis of maintenance of collagen and ground substance | Vitamin C
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| This vitamin stimulates calcification of cartilage | Vitamin D
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| This hormone stimulates secretory activity of chondrocytes and stimulates mitosis in epiphyseal plates | growth hormone
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| This hormone stimulates metabolism of chondrocytes | thyroxin
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| This hormone stimulates growth of cartilage and fibrilogenesis | Estrogens and androgens
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| These hormones retard maturation of cartilage and its replacement by bone at the epiphyseal plate | ACTH and Cortisol
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| *** T or F: Things have an easy time passing through cartilage? | False, it is hard to pass through cartilage
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| Name 3 types of cartilage. | hyaline, elastic, fibrous
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| Articular cartilages of joints, costal cartilage, and respiratory passage cartilage are examples of what type of cartilage and are they permanent or temporary? | hyaline, permanent
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| What type of cartilage and permanent or temporary? Epiphyseal plates, embryonic cartilage, and areas of the skeleton | hyaline, temporary
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| This type of cartilage appears (macroscopic) translucent, glassy, and bluish/ pearly white tint. | Hyaline cartilage
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| All hyaline cartilage except articular cartilage is surrounded by (what type of tissue?) and is called _____. | Dense irregular CT, perichondrium
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| This area of perichondrium is closer to the cartlage, less fibrous, more cellular. | Inner perichondrium
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| This area of perichondrium is inconspicuous after cessation of growth (appears to be growth regulator). | inner perichondrium
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| This area of perichondrium is more fibrous, less cellular, and is a protective envelope | Outer perichondrium
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| This area of perichondrium contains many blood vessels and nerves | outer perichondrium
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| If matrix becomes calcified over time these cells may die. | Chondrocytes of hyaline cartilage
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| Many chondrocytes in a group are called cell ____ or an _____ group | cell nest, isogenous group
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| Matrix appearance: 1)Collagen fibers in _____ sulfate | chondroitin sulfate
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| Matrix appearance: 2)Chondroitin sulfate contains _-acetyl ______ and _____ acid+sulfuric acid | N-acetyl galactosamine, glucoronic acid
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| Matrix appearance: 3)_____ matrix=area surrounding lacuna | territorial matrix
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| Matrix appearance: 4)__________(keratin sulfate, hyaluronic acid) present in ground substance | glycosaminoglycans
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| Hyaline cartilage has a well developed __ and ___; with age they become inconspicuous | rER, golgi
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| Hyaline cartilage displays what structure to increase surface area? | microvilli
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| What is this process: 1)mes. cells divide rapidly 2)Morph into chondroblasts 3)Chondroblasts begin secreting intercellular matrix, and are pushed away from each other 4)Now called chondrocytes 5)Mes. cells surround the cartilage primordium become peri. | Formation of cartilage
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| Hyaline cartilage develops from ______ cells | mesenchyme cells
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| This cartilage is found in epiglottis, external ear, and auditory tube (pinna). | elastic cartilage
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| This cartilage resembles hyaline, but in verhoff stain elastic fibers appear black | elastic cartilage
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| This cartilage is more elastic and tougher | elastic cartilage
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| This cartilage has larger cells and is more vascular | elastic cartilage
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| This cartilage is found in intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis, and ligamentum teres femoris. | Fiberous cartilage
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| This cartilage provides stiffness, tensile strength, and withstands pressure. | Fiberous cartilage
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| This cartilage has fewer cells than any other cartilage. | Fibrous cartilage
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| The function of this tissue is support, protection, storage of calcium, and attachment of muscles and tendons | bone
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| The properties of this tissue is rigid, tough; not inert, exhibits dynamic state; rich vascular supply | bone
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| 38% of bone is _____ | organic
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| 95% of bone is _____ | collagen
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| 5% of bone is complex _____ | polysaccharide (chondroitin sulfate/ hyaluronic acid)
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| 62% of bone is ______. | inorganic
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| *** Bone is _____ salt | *** hydroxyappatite
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| Name is molecule: 85% calcium phosphate; 10% calcium carbonate; 5% other ions (citrate, fluoride) | hydroxyappatite salt
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| This type of bone appears porous | spongy bone
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| This type of bone is made from *spicules and trabeculae | spongy bone
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| This type of bone is found in marrow cavities and epiphyses of bone | spongy bone
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| In this type of bone cells and matrix are tightly packed | compact bone
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| In this type of bone arrangement of lamellae is specific; is called haversian systems | compact bone
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| Arrangement of lamellae in compact bone is called what? | haversian system
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| This bone feature expresses irregular dense CT around almost all bones; much like perichondrium in function | priosteum
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| In lamellae bone is deposited in ______. | layers
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| This feature of bone expresses lenticular shaped cavities at the center of the lamellae | Lacunae
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| These features exhibit tiny passages tubular in shape radiating in all directions of the lacunae | canliculi
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| In compact bone # types of lamellae are used | 3 types
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| Name the 3 types of lamellae: ______ systems; _______ lamellae; ______ lamella | Haversian systems, interstitial lamellae, circumferential lamellae (periosteal and endosteal lamellae)
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| another name for haversian system | concentric lamellae
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| This feature of haversian systems contains 6-8 lamellae | Osteon
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| This feature of haversian system has a circular opening at the center of the osteon. | haversian canal
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| This feature of haversian systems connects haversian canals. | Volksman canal
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| These features of bone are remnants of old osteons | Interstitial lamellae
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| These features of Circumferential lamellae are underneath the periosteum | outer lamellae
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| These features of circumferential lamellae go alnog with the endosteum | Inner lamellae
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| The periosteum has # layers | 2 layers
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| The outer layer of periosteum is the ______ layer | fibrous layer
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| The features of this layer in periosteum: dense, fibrous, relatively acellular, ***only fibroblasts present; After maturity it is hard to tell the difference between outer and inner layer. | Fibrous layer
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| The inner layer of periosteum is the _____ layer. | cellular layer
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| The features of this layer in the periosteum: more loose, less fibrous; more cellular | cellular layer
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| In this layer of periosteum there are undifferentiated cells that become osteoblasts; ***Osteogenic (stem cells | Cellular layer
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| These features are collagenous fibers of the ***outer periosteal layer are embedded into the bone, anchoring it down. | Sharpey's fibers
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| This layer of bone features the thin layer of osteoprogenitor cells lining the walls of the bone marrow cavity | endosteum
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| This layer of bone contains all the cavities of the bone ***(haversian, volkman canals) | endosteum
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| This layer of bone has ***osteogenic potential | endosteum
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| This layer of bone has ***hematogenic potential | endosteum
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| This is the cell of the bone | osteoblast
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| Osteoblasts are directly derived from _____ cells. | mesenchymal cells
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| Osteoblasts contain a lot of ____ making equipment. | protein making
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| Osteoblasts contain rER, a prominent _____ nucleus, and a large ____ apparatus. | leptochromatic nucleus, large golgi apparatus
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| The protein making equipment of osteoblasts type # collagen; and ___s | type 1 collagen, GAGs
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| What are these ingredients of: Chondroitin sulfate, karatan sulfate, sialoprotein, and osteocalcin | GAGs
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| Later in life osteoid gets calcium rich ____ through a different process. | calcium rich hydroxyapatite
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| What process is this step from: Calcium and phosphate ions must be at threshold concentrations in the osteoid. | how mature osteoid gets hydroxyapatie step 1
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| What process is this step from: Osteoblasts also release alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme which causes large accumulations of calcium and phosphate | How mature osteoid gets hydroxyapatite step 2
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| What process is this from: GAG binds extracellular Ca++ | How mature osteoid gets hydroxyapatite step 3
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| What process is this from: osteoblasts also produce matrix vesicles which contain enzymes for cleaving and accumulating phosphate ions (most important part of hydroxyapatite precipitation). | How mature osteoid gets hydroxyapatite step 4
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| What process is this from: Matrix vesicles accumulate and precipitate the initial hydroxyapatite, which complete mineralization occurs rapidly. | How mature osteoid gets hydroxyapatite. step 5
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| A stellate-shaped stem cell of adult inner periosteum can become what? | osteoblasts
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| Endosteal cells of living bone can become what? | osteoblasts
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| Endothelial cells of blood vessels can become what? | osteoblasts
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| **What disease includes calcified arteries? | **Atherosclerosis
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| These areas are affected by what disease: arch of aorta, bifurcation of abdominal aorta, and aneurism adjustment...What hapens in these areas? | Atherosclerosis, calcified arteries
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| Atherosclerosis is caused by ______. | Smoking
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| Various ovarian tumors include what cell? | osteoblasts
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| This condition includes ectodermal cells differentiating without fertilization. | Teratoma
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| Where are osteoclasts derived from? | Monocytes
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| Bone macrophages are considered to be what type of cell? | Osteoclasts
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| These cells are phagocytic but they ***secrete lysosomal enzymes. | osteoclasts
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| These cells are multinucleated and contain many lysomsomes; have microvilli | osteoclasts
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| These cells appear to have a lacuna, however it is called "Howship's lacuna". | osteoclasts
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| This hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels. | Parathyroid hormone
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| This hormone induces osteoblasts to activate to break up calcium to dump into blood. | Parathyroid hormone
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| The thyroid gland secrets this hormone is response to increased levels of calcium levels in blood. | Calcitonin
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| This hormone activates osteoblasts to deposit more calcium | Calcitonin
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| Osteogenisis: this is the thin layer of uncalcified preosseous tissue during bone formation | Osteoid
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| Osteogenisis: this is the first deposition of bone | Spicule
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| Osteogenisis: spicules of bone radiate out from ossification centers in this structure | trabeculae
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| Osteogenisis: Many trabeculae of bone join together in a mosaic pattern in the form of scaffolding in this structure. | Spongy bone AKA Cancellous
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| Osteogenisis: This is the bone formed in embryonic development or fracture healing | Immature bone
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| Osteogenisis: During a healing or repair of fracture a new tissue develops in and around the fracture in this structure. | Callus
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| Osteogenisis: This is the boundary between osteons | Cementing line
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| Osteogenisis: This is the idea that living bone adapts to it's pressure, direction, and load. | Wolf's law
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