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Psych Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nomothetic Research | observe groups with same disorder to develop general laws |
| Id | unconscious physical entity present at birth, representing basic drives |
| Ego | psychical entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives |
| Superego | psychical entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society |
| Orientation | increased alertness to stimulus |
| Habituation | learned unresponsiveness to stimulus (becoming familiar to stimulus) |
| Social Learning Theory | learning through observation and imitation of the behavior of others and consequences of that behavior |
| Biological preparedness | idea that we are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses |
| Consummatory responses | uncontrollable responses such as chewing, licking, swallowing, etc. |
| Spontaneous recovery | re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay (classical conditioning) |
| Generalization | extent to which results apply to a range of individuals not included in the study |
| Discrimination | subject learns to respond under certain conditions and not to respond under other conditions |
| Conditioned emotional responses | emotional response resulting from classical conditioning where neutral stimulus is associated with a painful experience |
| Law of effect | behaviors strengthened or weakened by environmental events that follow them |
| Primary reinforcers | biologically predisposed reinforcers |
| Secondary reinforcers | learned reinforcers |
| Paradigm | distinct concept or thought pattern |
| Gene | long DNA molecules, basic physical units of heredity |
| Chromosome | structure of DNA, protein, and RNA found in cells |
| Genotype | specific genetic makeup of an individual |
| Phenotype | observable characteristics or behaviors of an individual |
| Gene-environment interaction | interactions between genes and the environment |
| Reciprocal Gene-environment interaction | people have genetically inherited tendencies that cause behaviors that lead to the development of disorders |
| Neurotransmitters | chemicals that transmit impulses between neurons |
| Reuptake | neurotransmitter is quickly drawn back into the discharging neuron after being released |
| Hindbrain | lowest part of brain stem, regulates many automatic body functions like breathing and digestion (includes medulla, pons, & cerebellum |
| Midbrain | section of brain that coordinates movement and contributes to processes of arousal and tension |
| Forebrain | top section of brain that includes limbic system, basal ganglia, caudate nucleus, and cerebral cortex |
| Limbic system | part of forebrain involved in emotion, ability to learn and to control impulses, and the regulation of sex, hunger, thirst, and aggression drives |
| Basal ganglia | brain area at the base of the forebrain that seems to control motor behavior and to be involved in OCD |
| Hypothalamus | part of the brain that lies between the thalamus and is broadly involved in the regulation of behavior and emotion |
| Endocrine system | network of glands that affect bodily functions by releasing hormones into the blood stream |
| Pituitary | part of endocrine system that regulates stress, growth, reproduction, lactation |
| Adrenal glands | release hormones |
| Autonomic nervous system | part of peripheral nervous system that regulates cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel), endocrine, and digestive functions |
| Sympathetic nervous system | prepares body for activity or respond to stressors |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | regulates body functions (for example, digestion) while activity level is low - balances sympathetic nervous system activity |
| Approach-avoidance conflict | one goal has both positive and negative consequences |
| Taxonomy | system of naming and classification in science |
| Categorical classification system | every diagnosis has a psychophysiological cause |
| Dimensional classification system | notes a variety of cognitions, moods, and behaviors and quantifies them on a scale |
| Projective tests | personality test in which subject responds to an ambiguous stimuli |
| Multiaxial classification system | categorization system employing several dimensions or axes, each used for differentiating among categories |
| Projective hypothesis | individual puts structure on an ambiguous situation, fool-proof access to conscious and unconscious needs |
| Correlational method | scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life |
| Scientific method | create research to predict and perhaps influence mental processes or behaviors |
| Directionality problem | whether a relationship exists or not |
| Third variable problem | might be something else causing correlation |
| Analog experiments | type of study that attempts to replicate a real-life situation under controlled conditions |
| Response prevention | making a choice not to do a compulsive behavior |
| Exposure and ritual prevention | person exposed to feared stimulus refuses to respond - therapeutic |
| Anterior cingulate | regulates blood pressure and heart rate, involved in decision making, impulse control, empathy, anticipation, and emotion |
| Orbitofrontal cortex | located in the prefrontal lobe, involved in emotion and reward in decision making |
| Locus ceruleus | area in hindbrain involved in alarm reactions, may be related to panic states |
| Imaginal exposure | systematic exposure of emotions or traumatic experiences in the imagination |
| Secondary gain (sick role) | anything beyond primary gain that a person may obtain, such as attention, sympathy, and/or avoidance of responsibilities |
| Primary gain | anxiety reduction from the display of psychological symptoms |
| HPA axis | brain-endocrine system connection implicated in some psychological disorders |
| Adrenal medulla | part of adrenal gland, secretes hormones in response to stimulation by neurons |
| Adrenal cortex | mediates the stress response |
| Hippocampus | part of brain's limbic system - regulates emotions and ability to control impulses |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | study of psychological influences on the neurological responding involved in the body's immune response |
| Humoral branch of the immune system | operates in blood and other bodily fluids to develop antibodies and neutralize antigens |
| Cellular branch of the immune system | protects body cells against parasite and viral infections |
| Macrophages | attack foreign cells, involved in defense mechanisms |
| Thymus gland | organ in the immune system, critical to adaptive immune system |
| HAART | decreases total burden of HIV, maintains function of the immune system |
| CBT | Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management - focuses on identifying and changing the behaviors and thoughts that feed an anxiety disorder |
| Psychoncology | study of psychological factors involved in course and treatment of cancer |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident - AKA stroke - loss of brain function due to disturbance in blood supply to the brain |
| A-delta fibers | sensory fibers that respond to stimuli such as cold and pressure - provide first pain information - allow pain to enter |
| A-beta fibers | stop pain from entering |
| SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor) | typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and some personality disorders (citalopram, escitalopram, paroxetine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline) |
| BAS (Behavioral Activation System) | an individual's disposition to pursue and achieve goals, activated when individual receives rewarding stimuli |
| BIS (Behavioral Inhibition System) | activated in times of punishment or negative events, results in avoidance of negative events |
| FFS (Fight or Flight System) | physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat (first stage of General Adaptation Syndrome) |
| MMPI (Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory) | used by mental healthy professionals to assess and diagnose mental illness |
| GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) | anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable, and irrational worry lasting at least six months - interferes with daily functioning |
| SAD (Social Anxiety Disorder) | irrational fear of social situations, marked and persistent anxiety, lasting six or more months |
| Panic Disorder (w & w/o Agoraphobia) | fear and avoidance of situations the person believes might induce a dreaded panic disorder |
| OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) | disorder in which the threat is internal either obsessions or compulsions: obsessions = intrusive and nonsensical thoughts compulsions = thoughts or actions used to suppress obsessions and provide relief |
| Tricyclics | antidepressants that affect brain chemicals to ease depression symptoms (amitriptyline, amoxapine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptypine, protriptyline, trimipramine) |
| Benzodiazepines | anti-depressant, things ending in -zepam mostly (also xanax, valium, ambien) |
| PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) | anxiety disorder that may develop after a person is exposed to one or more traumatic events, persistent re-experiencing through flashbacks, dreams, etc. |
| Reactive Attachment Disorder | severe, relatively uncommon disorder that can affect children - failure to form natural attachments to primary caregiver in childhood |
| Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder | children interact with strangers like they interact with parents or parental figures - previously a subtype of Reactive Attachment Disorder |
| General Adaptation Syndrome | three staged response to stress: alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| SAM (Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary pathway) | describes first part of stress response, activates fight or flight |
| Endogenous opioids | pain relieving system |
| Three parts of brain | hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain |
| Directionality problem | issue of correlation - which causes which? |
| Seven popular conceptions around what is "normal" | Suffering, maladaptiveness, irrationality and incomprehensibility, unpredictability and loss of control, vividness and unconventionality, observer discomfort, violation of moral and ideal standards |
| Passive correlation | biological parents who are genetically related to the child provide a rearing environment for the child |
| Active correlation | individual seeks out environment they find compatible and stimulating |
| Evocative correlation | individual's genotype elicits certain types of physical and social environments |
| Compensatory model | traits and factors make up for risk factors |
| Protective factors model | factors protect individual from bad effects of the risk factors |
| Challenge model | strategies learned early to deal with early stress make individual more resilient to later stress |
| Aversive motivation system | avoidance behaviors - person wants to avoid bad stimulus |
| Anxious apprehension | associated with GAD - worry, cognitive anxiety, anticipatory anxiety, verbal rumination about negative expectations, muscle tension |
| Anxious arousal | associated with PD - panic, intense fear, shortness of breath, altered heart rate, dizziness, sweating |
| Mason factors | define types of stress: novelty, uncertainty, unpredictability, uncontrollability, ego-involvement |
| Types of neurotransmitters | acetylecholine, dopamine, endorphins, norepinephrine, seratonin, GABA |
| Acetylecholine | excites muscles |
| Dopamine | inhibits muscles |
| Endorphins | provides relief against pain |
| Norepinephrine | regulates arousal |
| Seratonin | lowers energy level |
| GABA | lowers arousal and reduces anxiety |
| Defense mechanisms | repression, suppression, denial, displacement, sublimation, reaction formation, regression, projection |
| Stages of psychosexual development | oral, anal, phallic, |
Created by:
ekahn
Popular Psychology sets