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Psych A
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The process of storing and retrieving information that has previously been experienced/learned. | memory |
| 3 types of memory | sensory, short term, long term |
| every bit of information your senses experience most of it is lost attention determines whether it moves on to the next level | sensory memory |
| temporary storage place for information only last about 30 seconds storage is small- only 7±2 items at a time | Short-term memory |
| permanent memory rehearsal and relevancy are key clustering, conceptual hierarchies, schemas, and semantic networks are used | long term memory |
| the process of forming a memory code that will allow the individual to retrieve the information correctly | encoding |
| 3 Types of encoding? | Semantic- What does it mean? Phonetic- What does it sound like? Structural- What does it look like? |
| grouping individual bits of information together | chunking |
| In a list of items, people are more likely to remember those items at the front or end of the list | primary-recency effect |
| 2 key things to putting things in STM? | rehearsal and relevancy |
| what theory says the working memory has 4 parts? | Baddeley & Working Memory Theory |
| 4 types of working memory & what are they | Phonological Loop- allows for repetition of data Visuospatial Sketchpad- gives a place to build or hold images Central Executive- “Mission Control” Temporary Buffer- allows integration between areas and long term memory |
| 4 types of information retrieval | recall, recognition, reintegration, and relearning |
| what is recall? | to reconstruct information. Happens through our ability to make sense of the world |
| what is recognition? | the ability to identify known information from unknown |
| what is reintegration? | memory of one bit of information triggered by the introduction of a certain stimuli |
| what is relearning? | coming back to something and not forgetting how to use it or what it is ex: riding a bike- after a whole winter of not riding, you can come back to it and still ride it |
| 2 ways to improve memory? | mnemonic devices- Aids that help memory through unique associations elaborative rehearsal- The more connections you can make to a piece of information, the more likely it will be remembered |
| systems of memory? | declarative vs. procedural (fact based vs. skills and emotions) episodic vs. semantic (personal memory vs. general knowledge) retrospective vs. prospective (past vs. future) |
| loss of information over a period of time due to disuse and lack of relevancy | decay |
| the blocking of information | interference |
| later memory blocks earlier | retroactive |
| earlier memory blocks later | proactive |
| loss of memory due to physical trauma to the brain | amnesia |
| forget past memories | retrograde |
| unable to create new memories | anterograde |
| term for the diseases that seriously affect both cognitive and social functioning | dementia |
| The study of behavior and the mental/physical processes that make it happen | psychology |
| what are the goals of psychology? | Observe and describe behavior Explain behaviors through hypotheses Predict future behavior based on results Use knowledge to solve issues |
| People’s behavior would change when they knew they were being watched; occurs in the observation part of the scientific method | Hawthorne Effect |
| What did the Ancient Greeks contribute to Psychology? | 1. humans are rational beings 2. used observation to describe behaviors |
| Who is the father of modern Psychology? | Wilhelm Wundt |
| What is breaking down what was being studied to its most basic parts? Who created this theory? | structuralism, Wundt |
| 1. first psychology lab in the US and first psychology journal 2. founded the APA | G. Stanley Hall |
| believed behavior was dominated by unconscious urges driving outward behavior | Freud (psychoanalytic) |
| What are 3 things Freud believed and/or created? | 1. people are unpleasant 2. used dream interpretation 3. free association |
| German school of thought that focused on how individual sensations form complete patterns | Gestalt |
| Which is more important: investigating the basic elements of psychology ________, or its purpose ______ | structuralism, functionalism |
| Who was a strong believer in structuralism? Functionalism? | Titchener, James |
| School of thought that psychology should only concern itself on what can be objectively observed | behaviorism |
| What 2 people were associated with behavioralism? | Watson and Skinner |
| emphasis on the human’s uniqueness and capabilities for positive growth | humanism |
| Give the qualities of a psychologist. | 1. have a doctorate (PhD or PsyD) 2. cannot prescribe meds 3. solve issues through counseling 4. some states allow psychologists to prescribe meds |
| Give the qualities of a psychiatrist. | 1. have a medical doctorate (MD) 2. can prescribe meds 3. solve issues through medical means 4. they see the most severe patients |
| Steps of the Experimental Method | 1. Gather data through non-experimental methods 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Determine the independent and dependent variables 4. Find subjects for experiment and split into groups 5. Run experiment, gather results 6. show hypothesis, make a theory |
| What is the difference between the experimental and null hypothesis? | experimental hypothesis- cause and effect relationship exists null hypothesis- no cause and effect relationship exists |
| What is the difference between the independent and dependent variables? | independent variable- factor that has an impact; this variable is changed dependent variable- factor(s) impacted by the independent variable; this should stay consistent for a good experiment |
| What are the differences between the experimental, control, and placebo groups? | experimental group- receives the variable control group- does not receive variable placebo group- group thinks they are receiving variable but aren’t |
| What are some issues in experimentation? | fraud ethics subject pool doesn’t reflect society at large placebo effect double-blind experiments |
| What is an intense study of one person or individual with a strange condition? Example? | case-study, genie |
| What is following a larger group of people for many years? Example? | longitudinal, Hiroshima |
| What is a study where researchers ask many people questions about certain subjects? Example? | surveys, opinion polls |
| What is a study where one looks to see if there is a connection between 2 or more things? Example? | Correlational studies, the more income you make the more likely you are to vote |
| What is a positive correlation? Negative? | positive correlation- increase in y creates an increase in x (x=ky) negative correlation- increase in y creates a decrease in x (xy=k) |
| What is the mean? | average |
| What is the median? | middle number |
| What is the mode? | most commonly occurring number |
| a person’s awareness of the world around him/her | consciousness |
| If consciousness varies to the point that is considerably varies from the norm, it is termed a(n).... | altered state of conscience |
| the cycle of wake and sleep | circadian rhythm |
| the chemical that plays a key role in regulation of sleep/wake cycles | melatonin |
| what stage does most dreaming occur in? | stage 1 |
| interruption of breathing during sleep, snoring due to blocked windpipe, causing the person to wake up repeatedly | sleep apnea |
| inability to sleep linked to anxiety and depression | insomnia |
| the immediate falling to sleep (often REM) from wake ` | narcolepsy |
| sleepwalking that occurs during NREM sleep | somnambulsim |
| occurs during Stage 4 sleep, not during dream state. Features fear-producing episodes combined with movement of the person affected. | night terrors |
| person is able to move during REM and therefore act out dreams | REM sleep disorder |
| which kinds of dreams have negative emotions? | REM |
| what stage of sleep has positive emotions? | NREM |
| which stage of sleep is longer and dream states increase throughout the night | REM |
| dreams indicate pathway into a person’s true self | psychoanalytic (Freud) |
| Dreams composed of bizarre combinations of a person’s working memory | activation-synthesis |
| During sleep, information is stored into long-term memory and dreams are byproduct of storage | continual activation |
| any substance that changes a person’s behavior. | drug |
| what type of drug accelerates the brain and body; give examples | stimulant; caffeine, nicotine |
| what type of drug slows down the brain and body. | depressant |
| What type of depressant is a sedative? pain killer? | Opiates-pain killers Sedatives- make you drowsy |
| what types of drugs generate changes in perception detached from physical reality; examples? | hallucinogens; LSD |
| Some substances or behaviors trigger such a rush of dopamine that it overwhelms receptors within the brain Result--dopamine acts as a motivating agent, making the need to get the next “fix” (most important thing for an addict | Volkow’s Salience Theory of Addiction |
| the ability to receive stimuli from the outside world | sensation |
| your interpretation of the stimuli | perception |
| what are the 5 major senses | 1. Vision (sight) 2. Auditory (hearing) 3. Olfactory (smell) 4. Gustatory (taste) 5. Tactile (touch) |
| The ability to recognize stimuli depends on whether the amount of stimuli reaches the level of _______ | threshold |
| the weakest amount of stimuli necessary for human sensory systems to recognize | absolute threshold |
| the ability to detect stimuli depends not only on the amount of stimulus, but the outside factors such as “noise” and attention | signal detection theory |
| If the level of stimulus stays constant, a person’s sensory system will be able to block out (ignore) it | adaption |
| For a rare few, their sensory systems work in a unique way (Ex: they can feel colors) | synesthesia |
| mistakes in perception based on real stimuli | illusion |
| mistakes in perception based on imaginary stimuli | hallucination |
Created by:
swimmingninja42
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