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PSY Test Two
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Peripheral Nervous System | consists of nerves which directly connect to the skin, muscles, blood vessels and organs of the body (nerve tissue not encased in bone is part of PNS) |
| Somatic Nervous System | voluntary movements, physical sensations (head, cold, pressure, made up of afferent and efferent never fibers |
| Afferent Nerves | direction of impulses is from skin and muscles to nervous system |
| Efferent Nerves | direction of impulses is from nervous system to muscles, generate movements of the skeleton -> motor nerve fibers |
| Autonomic | Involuntary,made of sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic | Fight or flight, prepares us for expenditure of energy- ex. increased blood flow to muscles, increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, reduction of blood flow to skin, slowing intestinal movement |
| Parasympathetic | Rest and recuperation, acquiring and storing energy, digestion |
| Central Nervous System | Part that is encased in bone for protection, brain and spinal cord |
| Meninges | 3 layers of membranes that protect CNS: dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | Thin layer of liquid that the brain and spinal cord float on |
| Blood brain barrier | tight gap junctions between the cells of the brain that closely regulate the types of materials and substances which can cross into the CNS from the circulatory system |
| Spinal cord | conducts nerve impulses from afferent nerves to the brain and efferent impulses to the PNS, contain interneurons and central canal |
| Interneurons | control reflex responses which are enacted without a command from the brain, ex. knee-jerk reflex |
| Central canal | tube filled with cerebrospinal fluid running through center of spinal cord, vestigial reminder of the nervous system's early development from a hollow tube of neural cells |
| Ventricles | System of interconnected fluid filled chambers in the brain, produce and contain cerebrospinal fuild |
| Hemispheres | brain is divided in two 2 symmetrical structurally identical hemispheres (left and right) that are connected by several fiber pathways |
| Corpus callosum | largest and most important fiber pathway between two hemispheres of brain |
| Left hemisphere | analytical tasks, breaking down problems, language production and comprehension |
| Right hemisphere | emotional processing, math, music |
| Hindbrain | functions not under voluntary control, physiological functions, movements, made up of medulla, pons, and cerebellum |
| Medulla | control autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, arousal, startle, sleep/wake, where sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems manipulate response |
| Pons | input and output fiber pathway connecting brain and cerebellum |
| Cerebellum | fine-tune motor signals |
| Midbrain | more complex than hindbrain, but still not under conscious control, components: superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, periqueductal gray, reticular activating system |
| Superior colliculus | controls involuntary eye movements and the targeting of the eyes |
| Inferior colliculus | processing of auditory info |
| Periqueductal gray | helps process info regarding pain |
| Analgesia | reduced perception of pain |
| Reticular activating system | alerts the forebrain to novel or significant stimuli or changes in the state of the sensory info being processed |
| Forebrain | most highly developed part of brain |
| Hypothalamus | seat of emotional behaviors; basic functions such as hunger, thirst, body temp regulation, fear, etc; controls release of hormones from the pituitary gland |
| Thalamus | gates incoming sensory info (taste, touch, hearing, visions, NOT smell) to appropriate brain regions for further processing |
| Limbic System | group of various specialized structures each w/ different functions spanning from memory, planning, emotion, attention; help us to select an appropriate response based on environment |
| Cerebrum | cortex= outer part, sensory processing, solve problems, initiate movement; lobes= 4 regions |
| Occipital lobe | processes visual info |
| Parietal lobe | processes somatosensory info (touch, cold, heat, pain, anything on body surface); forms associations between other mutiple sensory stimuli |
| Temporal lobe | lateral (outside) surface= auditory processing and spoken language; medial (inner) surface= memory functions |
| Frontal lobe | planning, foresight, understanding consequences of actions, selection and initiation of motor movements |
| Primary motor cortex | responsible for the nerve impulses initiating voluntary motor movements |
| Repeated skilled movements | loop from basal ganglia to thalamus and back to prefrontal cortex |
| Hippocampus | transfers info from short term to long term memory |
| amygdala | adds emotional impact and significance to the facts and events being transferred into our long term memories |
| neurons | nerve cells |
| glia | majority of cells in nervous system, "glue", support cells for neurons, 3 types: Schwann cells & Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia |
| Schwanna cells and Oligodendrocytes | Provides electrical insulation |
| Astrocytes | maintain stability and buffer the chemical content of the fluid surrounding the neurons |
| Microglia | Immunne system cells |
| Dendrite | "input" side of a neuron |
| Soma | neuronal cell body, site of neuron's nucleus, organelles and protein manufacturing and metaolic machinery |
| axon | "output" side of neuron, only one per soma, can branch up to several thousand times |
| Terminal button | tip of the axon which makes contact with the dendrite of the next neuron and enables electrochemical communication between the two neurons |
| Synapse | the junction where the terminal button of one neuron meets the dendrite of the next |
| Passive conduction | fast, yet decaying |
| Active conduction | slow, yet non decaying |
| Saltatory conduction | Combination of passive and active conduction |
| Node of Ranvier | bare spot on the axon where the action potential is able to fully regenerate |
| Refractory period | minimum time required for the neuron to prepare for firing another action potential |
| absolute refractory period | it is physically impossible for the neuron to fire another action potential during this time |
| relative refractory potential | duration varies, neuron can fire during this period but only with unusually strong signals |
| temporal summation | each EPSP in the receiving neuron has not completely died away before the following EPSP is generated |
| Spatial summation | individual signals from separate synapses occur close enough in time that they converge and "add up" as they travel across the neuron |
| Synaptic cleft | tiny gap b/w terminal button and dendrite |
| Reuptake | to terminate the signal, the transmitter is transported back inside the terminal button |
| Enzymatic Degradation | terminates acetylcholine signal by breaking it down |
| Learning | durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience |
| Memory | the means by which past experience is drawn on to guide or direct behavior or thoughts in the present |
| Classical Conditioning | organism learns a predictive relationship b/w 2 external stimuli; the presentation of the 1st stimulus predicts the imminent following presentation of the 2nd specific stimulus |
| Acquisition | initial learning of the predictive relationship b/w stimuli |
| Extinction | If the 2nd stimulus stops coming after the 1st, the organism learns not to associate the 2 things anymore |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The organism will anticipate the 2nd stimulus again, just with less vigor, when re introduced after extinction |
| Stimulus generalization | Organism can learn to differentiate between very similar stimuli (ex. bell vs keys jingling) |
| Higher order conditioning | when introducing a stimulus that indicates the 1st stimulus in a previous chain, the new stimulus will become a predictor for the end result (ex. beach ball indicates bell which indicates food) |
| Operant Conditioning | (Skinnerian conditioning), the consequences of a behavior come to guide and control the occurrence of that behavior |
| Reinforcement | increases likelihood of a response |
| Punishment | stimulus applied to decrease the occurrence of a behvior |
| Reward Omission | expected apetitive stimulus is removed or withheld |
| Fixed ratio | reinforcement after a fixed number of responses |
| Continuous reinforcement | reinforcement after every response |
| Fixed interval | Reinforcement after a fixed time interval has passed since the previous reinforcement |
| Variable ratio/interval | a little uncertainty, about every 5th response something will occur for example |
| Observational Learning | (social learning), organism learns from observing and duplicating behavior observed in other organisms |
| Encoding | processing the sensory qualities of the info to a sort of code |
| Storage | retaining info |
| Consolidation | phase during which durability of memory storage is either reduced or increased |
| Proactive interference | Old information in the process of being consolidated interferes with the storage of new information |
| Retroactive interference | Consolidation of the new info interferes with the storage of the old info |
| Serial-position effect | two sided struggle b/w old and new info |
| Retrieval | memory must be accessed and brought back up to mind |
| Hippocampus in regards to memory | Responsible for moving info from short term memory to long term memory |
| Amydgala in regards to memory | Attaches emotional significance to info |
| Frontal cortex/basal ganglia circuit | helps learn complex motor actions without the help of the hippocampus |
| Declarative memory | fact based memory that can be declared in words |
| Semantic memory | subtype of declarative memory, general knowledge of the world |
| Episodic memory | subtype of declarative memory, personal autobiographical recollections |
| Procedural memory | Memory that does not or cannot be verbally transmitted, it must be expressed as an action (ex eye-blink reflex to a tone which predicts an air puff to the eye) |
| Acetylcholine | transmitter that relies on enzymatic degradation by cholinesterase; synthesized from choline & Acetyl-CoA; broken down by AChase; most of this comes from basal forebrain |
| Monoamines | have lone amino groups at one end of their chemical structures |
| Catecholamines | rely or Tyrosine (an amino acid), Ex. Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine |
| Dopamine | tryosine converted to L-DOPA and then to dopamine; has only G-protein linked receptors |
| Norepinephrine | start out as dopamine and then are further converted to norepinephrine; comes mostly from Locus Ceruleus (LC) |
| Epinephrine | produced from norepinephrine |
| Indolamines | tryptophan based |
| Seratonin | Tryptophan based indolamine |
| Glutamate | excitatory transmitter |
| GABA | inhibitory neurotransmitter |
| Peptides | Made in the cell body, works as neurotransmitters and hormones |
| Neurotransmitter receptor | have TWO separate binding sites for transmitters, molecules have to bind to it simultaneously |
| Ligand-Gated Ion Channels | (aka Ionotropic), allow charged ions to enter for a short time, two types: AMPA and NMDA |
| G-Protein Linked | (aka metabotropic) cause biochemical changes w/in the neuron, causes release of 2nd messengers, takes longer to respond than ligand-gated receptors, can signal distant parts of a neuron (including nucleus) |
| Unconditioned stimulus | stimulus which is already known and established through inborn instinct or prior learning |
| Unconditioned response | response from an unconditioned stimulus |
| Conditioned stimulus | predictive stimulus |
| Conditioned response | response from the organism as it acquires the predictive relationship from the conditioned stimulus |
| Sensory Memory | high capacity and highly accurate, but short lived; keeps being refreshed every second |
| attention | focuses mental resources on one element out of sensory memory and brings it to working memory |
| working memory | (aka short-term memory) has limited capacity, from 30 sec to 5 min, able to store chunks of info like a phone # |
| Maintenance rehearsal | repeating the info over and over, Extends life of an item in working memory |
| Long-term memory | can last for minutes to a lifetime |
| elaborative rehearsal | info is more deeply processed and often organized into pre-existing long-term memories - ex. relating the digits in phone numbers to jersey numbers of football players |
| synaptic pasticity | changes to the strength of communication at the synapses |
| Long-term potentiation | biochemical mechanism of synaptic pasticity that is important for memory |
Created by:
is2903
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