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718 Exam 1
History of Modern Psychology
| Person/Term | Related Notes |
|---|---|
| E.B. Titchener | -believed in pure science without regard to utility -lamented that psychology was too heavily involved in projects of application |
| G. Stanley Hall | -Child Study Movement - first applied field was education |
| Psychiatry | -Psychiatry emerged in North America as part of asylum movement -American Psychiatric Association used to be Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane |
| Overlap between Psychiatry and Psychology | -Abnormality not a hot topic among early experimental psychologists -Psychologists not interested in “diseased” mind, a sick mind can’t introspect -Psychiatry and neurology already covered the territory |
| Lightner Witmer | -Founded the 1st psych clinic in the world along with Clinical and School Psych -Cattell undergrad advisor; PhD with Wundt -Initially worked w/ children w/ LD or bx dis -Founded journal The Psychological Clinic – in first issue, named Clinical Psych |
| Lightner Witmer (why historically important) | -Historically important because he wanted to use science (psychology) in applied manner |
| The Psychological Clinic Journal | -Journal founded by Lightner Witmer in 1907 -Wrote about case studies -In first issue, named the field “clinical psychology” |
| Psychology clinic | -first psych clinic -Founded Lightner Witmer -Initially children w/ LD or bx dis -Gradual shift to children of average intelligence and the gifted children -used devices such as: Hipp chronoscope, kymograph, ergograph (muscle contractor) |
| Spelling | -unsure if it was a psychological problem or a problem of the mind -Lightner Witmer believed developmental defect of memory -Mother brought case to Witmer’s attention, treatment successful -Led to first psychological clinic |
| Clinical Psychology | -Founded by Lightner Witmer -Term established in first issue of The Psychological Clinic journal Defined: program of education and training to prepare psychologists to do clinical work |
| Clinical Method (background info) | -Term developed by Ligtner Witmer, used in clinic -A team approach, with both physician and social worker: testing, diagnosing, designing and conducting treatment |
| Clinical Method (how it works) | -School system referrals - medical diagnosis - psychometric examination - Seguin form board (memory test, visual discrimination, muscular coordination) - social worker prepares case study of patient’s background (the social worker conducted the tx itself) |
| Record keeping | - Correlates case histories to generalize - Standardize tests - Establish new diagnostic techniques |
| Psychology of business | - Due to immigration, urbanization, economic development - New compulsory schooling laws resulting in school enrollment up by 400% between 1890 – 1900 |
| Advertising | - Businesses wanted someone to explain motives, desires, and behavior of consumers |
| Harlow Gale | - First advertising survey - Sent out to 200 businesses but only 20 returned it due to questionnaire requiring too much effort |
| Walter Dill Scott (1869-1955) | -Wundt’s student; Founded I/O psych in USA -interest: suggestion, perception, illusions, mental imagery, return coupons -Believed consumers “nonrational, suggestible creatures” -2 advertising techniques:direct command & return coupon |
| Advertising strategies by Scott | - Direct command: “buy a Ford Mustang” believed to be effective b/c suggest particular action without arousing competing actions - Return coupon: suggested a direct action – cut out coupon, fill it out and send it in |
| Harry L. Hollingworth | - Studied with Cattell and Woodworth - Determined the correlation between return coupons and sales to be 0.82 - In demand by businesses due to ability to pretest advertisement effectiveness |
| Hugo Munsterberg (pt 1) | -Promoted psychology as the science of human efficiency -Sometimes labeled as founder of industrial psychology |
| Hugo Munsterberg (pt 2) | -Gained inspiration from Frederick Winslow Taylor, engineer known for scientific management: in business and industry, “there is only one right way to do any job” -Believed key to efficiency: matching skills and talents to the requirements of the job |
| Hugo Munsterberg (pt 3) | - Psychology role is to assess and discover the perfect match (analyze the job and determine what mental and physical traits required to do job well) - Psychology of Law – precursor of modern forensic psychology |
| Hugo Munsterberg (pt 4) | - Studied memory accuracy and eyewitness testimony, deliberations of juries (jury discussion caused more than 50% of men to change minds, no women changed minds = concluded that women made poor jurors) |
| Hugo Munsterberg (pt 5) | -Became interested in case of Richard Ivers (mentally challenged death row convict) – confession obtained under duress & deception, represented false confession - attorneys/public questioned what special expertise psychology had in decisions made in court |
| Lillian Moller Gilbreth (pt 1) | -Only American psychologist to appear on a US postage stamp -Movie Cheaper by the Dozen based on her life (1950 film) -First woman to be member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and first woman elected to National Academy of Engineering |
| Lillian Moller Gilbreth (pt 2) | -Part of efficiency movement -Scientific management – aka Taylorism -Wrote book Psychology of Management (1914) -Time-motion studies – way to analyze components of a job and make recommendations about adjustments or changes to increase efficiency |
| Lillian Moller Gilbreth (pt 3) | -Known for work in engineering psych/human factors psyc -Engineering psych – design of equipment to interface better w/ human operators and human needs -Human factors psychology – design of things & environments to interface better w/ human behavior |
| Lillian Moller Gilbreth (pt 4) | - Science of homemaking and ergonomics: kitchen design: appropriate height of kitchen counters and appliances (patents include: electric food mixer, shelves inside refrigerator doors) - Invented trashcan opened by pedal motion (for the disabled) |
| Vocational guidance | - Growing need for advising people in their career choices - Considered to be origin of counseling psychology - Testing movement contributed: design tests that match the interests of individuals with various jobs |
| Frank Parsons (1854-1908) | - Attorney, mathematician, engineer, Cornell educated - Vocational guidance movement - 3 steps in choosing a career wisely: 1. Knowledge of yourself, 2. Knowledge of occupations, and 3. Knowledge of the relationship between the two |
| Intelligence testing | - Cattell’s anthropometric tests were failures (lacking as measures of intelligence, zero correlations) - Others continued to look into predictive testing |
| Henry Herbert Goddard (1866-1957) | -IQ testing at Vineland (state school) -Purpose: design IQ-appropriate educational programs -Learned/translated A/ Binet text -Binet-Simon Measuring Scale for Intelligence: correlated well w/ GPA -Used test for children w/below-average intelligence |
| Lewis Terman | - Published a new version of the Binet scale: Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test - Interested/tested gifted children (assessed from childhood to old age) - When calculating IQ, multiplied ratio by 100, which got rid of the decimal. |
| David Wechsler | - Developed tests in 1940s to measure intelligence in children and adults - Made IQ a popular concept: ratio of mental age to chronological age |
| William Stern | - Invented the concept of intelligence quotient or IQ |
| Application of IQ tests | - Army screening - Army Alpha and Army Beta (Beta designed for non-English speakers or illiterate) - 2 million soldiers tested |
| Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) | -Med student -Darwin led to career as research scientist -courses from Brentano: a philosopher, believed in intentionality and functionalism – ability of the mind to form representations and all behavior has to be functional -Worked w/ Ernst Brucke |
| Ernst Brucke (1819-1892) | - Physiologist - Convinced Freud to go into clinical practice as a neurologist instead of academia |
| Josef Breuer (1842-1925) | - Physician and physiologist in Brucke’s lab - Case of Anna O./Bertha Pappenheim |
| Jean-Martin Charcot | - Freud won scholarship to Paris in 1995 and studied with Charcot - Neurologist - Expertise in hypnosis, treatment of hysteria, induction of traumatic (or hysterical) paralysis |
| Anna O. (1859-1936) (pt 1) | -Aka Bertha Pappenheim -Client of Josef Breuer -Symptoms: headaches, partial paralyses, periods of overexcitement, visual disturbances, loss of sensation, multiple personalities, speech dif, bizarre hallucinations, inability to drink |
| Anna O. (1859-1936) (pt 2) | -*inability to drink cured when described seeing a women allow her dog to drink from a glass -Breuer saw the drinking issue as a sign and used hypnosis to reach cause of each physical or psychological symptoms- symptoms disappeared: Catharsis method |
| Anna O. (1859-1936) (pt 3) | -later would become pioneering social worker and feminist activist, printed on german postage stamp -considered to be cornerstone case for psychoanalysis |
| Catharsis method | - Cathartic cure - Developed by Josef Breuer - Symptoms are believed to be the result of pent-up emotions, and if the emotion is released, then the symptoms should disappear (pent-up emotions can be released, eliminating nervous tension) |
| Psychoanalysis | - Defined “in terms of three interdependent achievements by Freud” - 1. A method, 2. A theory of the neuroses, 3. A theory of the normal mind |
| Theory of the normal mind (Psychoanalysis) | - ID, Ego, Superego |
| Theory of the normal mind (Psychoanalysis): ID pt 1 | - Part of the theory of the normal mind - Oldest part, exists at birth - Inherited instincts (sexual and aggressive) - Inaccessible, primitive, unconscious - No morality, immediate satisfaction of needs |
| Theory of the normal mind (Psychoanalysis): ID pt 2 | - Pleasure seeking, pain avoidance - Libido: sexual energy (pleasure seeking energy) - Operates on pleasure principle |
| Theory of the normal mind (Psychoanalysis): EGO pt 1 | - Part of the theory of the normal mind - Helps id satisfy needs - Executive part of mind: due to it’s function: takes into account: the desires of the id, the current situation, and the moral code of the superego |
| Theory of the normal mind (Psychoanalysis): EGO pt 2 | -Operates according to reality principle -Controls instincts, not inhibit them -Rational -Mediator between ID and the world -In the business of self-preservation |
| Theory of the normal mind (Psychoanalysis): EGO pt 3 | -Develops out of experiences in the world, differs across individuals -Operates partly at conscious level and partly at unconscious level -Develops shortly after birth |
| Theory of the normal mind (Psychoanalysis): SUPEREGO | -the theory of the normal mind -Moral compass -Opposed to ID -Varies (depends on the culture) – develops out of experiences in the world – differs across individuals -Develops in childhood through experiences, parental teachings, cultural milieu… |
| Theory of neuroses (Psychoanalysis) pt 1 | -When demands from the three factors (desires of id, current situation, moral code of superego) overwhelm ego = anxiety -ID’s demands create Neurotic anxiety -SUPEREGO’s restrictions create Moral anxiety |
| Theory of neuroses (Psychoanalysis) pt 2 | -Threats from objective reality (external world) create Objective anxiety -EGO develops defense mechanisms (which operate unconsciously) to cope with anxiety: repression, denial, projection, reaction formation |
| Defense mechanisms | -Repression; Denial; Projection; Reaction formation -Operate on an unconscious level, traumatic event leads to anxiety and way to deal w/ anxiety = defense mechanisms |
| Development of Personality (Freud) | -orderly sequence of psychosexual stages: named due to sexual issues to be dealt with appropriately in each stage -Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital periods -Neuroses |
| Oedipal complex | occurs during phallic period (4-6 yrs old) – sexual desires for opposite-sex parent |
| Method (Psychoanalysis) | - Hypnosis not very effective - Free association is better, unobtrusive, talk about anything they want - Dream analysis (manifest and latent content) - Defense mechanisms always present |
| Interpretation of Dreams (1899) | -Freud’s seminal book -Dreams = wish fulfillment -Dreams = royal road to the unconscious -Repression is biggest obstacle, secrets hidden from the dreamer by the mechanism of repression -Repression aided by two processes: resistance and transference |
| Repression (Freud) | -Resistance: occurred when a patient refused to reveal or think about certain material b/c too traumatic or embarrassing to discuss -Transference: patient transfers feelings (e.g., love, sexual desires, hate, anger, envy) from original object |
| Dream analysis | - Manifest content: the dream as actually recalled - Latent content: hidden information of the dream, the real meaning of the dream |
| Clark University Conference (1909) | -20th anniversary for Clark University -Freud delivers 5 lectures -Cool reception from puritan circles (didn’t like all the talk of sex) -More influence on medical field, clinical psychology, and art than on experimental psychology (can’t be tested) |
| Psychoanalytical Review | - Journal established by American Psychoanalytical Association in 1911 |
| Psychoanalysis in America and Experimental psychology | - Experimental psychologists were devastated - Psychoanalysis claimed that we need to study unconscious - Not an objective science – just a bunch of case studies - Theory that cannot be falsified |
| Psychoanalysis in America and Clinical psychology -value for clinical psych in psychoanalysis | -Recognition of unconscious processes -Importance of early experiences in shaping later bx -Psychological disorders resulting from psychic rather than somatic causes -Descr of defense mechanisms in dealing w/ anxiety -Attention to sexual bx |
| Neo-Freudians | - Alfred Adler - Carl Jung - Karen Horney |
| Alfred Adler (1870-1937) pt 1 | - Neo-Freudian, medical degree, former disciple of Freud but split due to different views on libido - Developed Individual Psychology - Believed that libido not only sexual energy but more of a general life force |
| Alfred Adler (1870-1937) pt 2 | -Emphasized social, not biological, motives as primary determinates of bx -Individuals were superiority/dominance seeking, control of environment, strived for perfection -Life was more directed to strivings for future than under control of past events |
| Alfred Adler (1870-1937) pt 3 | - Used the term lifestyle to describe individuals - Topics of interest: inferiority complex, power motivation, birth order - Founded first child guidance clinic |
| Carl Jung (1875-1961) pt 1 | -Neo-freudian, medical degree -Developed Analytical Psychology -Worked in mental hospital in Switzerland -Studied with Eugen Bleuler (leading authority on Schizophrenia, coined the term) |
| Carl Jung (1875-1961) pt 2 | -Defined introversion and extroversion oTerms spawned personality test in 1940s, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator -Made word-association technique popular in America (not made by him) |
| Carl Jung (1875-1961) pt 3 | -Split w/ Freud due to views on Unconscious and view on libido (not only sexual) |
| Unconscious (Jung) | -Has two aspects Personal: repressed wishes, experiences and motives -Collective: ancestral memory |
| Unconscious (Jung): Collective aspect: archetypes | inherited behavioral tendencies -Self (type of archetype): integrate both conscious and unconscious personality components -Developed by process of individuation: person accept their archetypes into a unity of personality |
| Unconscious (Jung): Collective aspect | ancestral memory |
| Unconscious (Jung): Personal aspect | repressed wishes, experiences and motives |
| Libido (Jung) | -Generalized life energy and not just concerned with sexual pleasures -Believed it could be directed outward toward objects or other persons (extroversion), or inward, toward the self (introversion) |
| Karen Horney (1885-1952) pt 1 | - Medical degree, undergone analysis with Karl Abraham (disciple of Freud), fled to USA in 1932 from Nazis - Criticized Freud’s views on women: penis envy |
| Freud: penis envy | oFreud’s concept of castration complex: originates in girls when they realize they don’t have a penis, assume they used to have one but it was cut off, resulting in penis envy, manifesting as envy of males |
| Karen Horney (1885-1952): Womb envy | men feel inferior so overcompensate with dominance - argument against Freud's penisy envy/castration complex |
| Karen Horney (1885-1952) pt 3 | - Believed that anxiety is not a product of the ID’s demands, but due to social factors – basic anxiety and basic hostility - A hero of the feminist movement by standing up to Freud’s sexist views |
| Karen Horney (1885-1952): Anxiety pt 1 | - Not a product of the ID’s demands versus the demands on the ego but a due to social factors in life - Basic anxiety: generalized anxiety, sense of loneliness in a hostile world - Basic hostility: response to environmental factors manifested in rage |
| Karen Horney (1885-1952): Anxiety pt 2 | -Individuals cope with anxiety and hostility by bx that take them toward others, take them away from others, or cause them to take action against others. |
| Karen Horney (1885-1952): Anxiety pt 3 | -Resulted in personality types in pursuit of neurotic needs: need for personal admiration, need for perfection, need to exploit others, and need for power |
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ironchiet
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