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Psych1203
Psych unit 11, 4, 8, 9, 10, 3C, 5, 14, 1, 2, 6, 7A, 7B, 3A, 3B, 12, 13
Term | Definition |
---|---|
intelligence test | a method of testing ones mental aptitude |
intelligence | mental quality of one individual |
general intelligence | all around intelligence |
factor anylasis | statistical procedure that identifies clusters on items |
savant syndrome | generally limited but advanced in one area |
emotional intelligence | the ability to perceive, understand, manage. and use emotions |
mental age | your mental abilities compared to other ages |
standford-Binet | revision of binets original intelligence test |
IQ test | Ratio of mental age to chronological age |
achievement tests | reflect on what you've learned |
aptitude tests | predict what your ability to learn |
weschler adult intelligence scale (WAIS) | test using verbal and non verbal test |
stadardization | defining meaningful scores by comparision |
normal curve | the bell curve |
reliability | the extent in when a test yields consistent results |
validity | measures what it is supposed to |
content validity | extent to which the test samples behavior of interest |
predictive validity | should predict future performance |
intellectual disability | condition of limited mental ability |
Down syndrome | intellectual and physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome |
Stereotype threat | the feeliing that your score will be affected by a stereotype and because of that you do wrose on the test. |
sensation | the process of how we represent our enviorment |
perception | process of organizing and interpreting sensory info |
bottom up processing | analysis that begin with sensory receptors |
top down processing | information guided by maximum level process |
selective attention | focus on consciousness on a particular stimulus |
intentional blindness | failing to see objects because you are distracted |
change blindness | failure to notice change |
psychphysics | study between the relationships of physical and physiological experience |
absolute threshold | minimum required stimulus to detect 50% of the time |
signal detection theory | predicts when we will detect signals |
subliminal | below ones threshold |
priming | activating certain associations |
difference threshold | difference two stimuli require for detection |
webers law | differ by % not as an amount |
sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity |
transduction | conversion of energy |
wave length | distance from one wave to the next |
hue | color determined by wavelength |
intensity | amount of energy in light or sound wave |
pupil | where light enters |
iris | colored muscle of the eye that adjust to light intake |
lens | focuses incoming light |
retina | processes visual info |
accommodation | the eyes lens changes shape to focus on objects at different distances |
rods | responsible for black and white and peripheral |
cones | focuses color in daylight or light conditions |
optic nerve | carries the eye messages to the brain |
blind spot | where the optic nerve leaves the eye |
fovea | centrel focal point |
feature detector | nerve cells that respond to specific features |
parallel processing | multitasking |
young helmolts trichromatic theory | that we see three colors |
operant processes theory | opposing retinal images that allow us to see color(blue vs yellow) |
audition | hearing |
frequency | complete wave lengths that pass through a given point |
pitch | light or low sound |
middle ear | hammer, anvil, stirub |
cochlea | triggers nerve impulses |
inner ear | cochlea canals, vestibular sacs |
place theory | pitch and place |
frequency theory | rate=frequency |
conduction hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system |
sensorineural hearing loss | damage to the receptor cells |
coclear implant | biotic ear |
kinesthesis | system for sensing body position and movement |
vestibular sense | sense of movement and position and balance |
gate control theory | spinal cord controls pain |
sensory interaction | one sense influences the others |
gestalt | organized whole |
figured guard | organized into figures |
grouping | organize into smaller groups |
depth perception | allows to judge distance |
visual cliff | a laboratory device for testing infant depth perception |
binocular cues | use of both eyes |
retinal disparity | depth perceived using images compared bt both eyes |
monocular cues | depth cues with one eye |
phi phonomenon | optical illusion of perceiving continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession. |
perceptual consistency | perceiving objects as unchanging |
color consistency | perceiving similar objects to have the same color |
perceptual adaptation | to change visual input |
perceptual set | perceive one thing and not another |
ESP | without sensory input (psychics) |
parapsychology | study of paranormal phonomenon |
motivation | a need or desire |
instinct | a complex behaivoir |
drive reduction theory | a physiological state that gets you o relax. like reducing hunger pains would drive you to food |
homeostasis | equiliibrium |
incentive | positive or negetive reinforcment |
hierarchy of needs | basic mental needs of life |
glucose | sugar in the blood. when low you feel hungry |
set point | the point at which your weight is "set" |
basal metobolic rate | bodies resting energy expediture rate |
anorexia nervousa | eating disorder, by starving yourself but still feeling fat |
bulimia nervousa | eating then vomiting, laxitives, fasting, excessisive excersise |
binge eating disorder | eating alot and then feeling guilty |
insulin | diminishes blood glucose |
ghrelin | hunger arousing hormones |
leptin | diminishes food reward pleasure |
PYY | hunger suppresent |
obstatin | sends fullness signal |
orexin | hunger triggering hormone |
sexual response cycle | excitment, plateu, orgasim, resolution |
refractory period | resting period after orgasim |
estrogen | female sex hormone |
testosteron | male sex hormone |
sexual oreintation | what you are sexualy attracted too |
emotion | responses of the whole organism |
james-lange theory | the theory that stimli 1st trigger physiological resopses then emotional |
canon bard theory | the theory that stimuli simutaniously trigger physiological and rmotional responses |
two factor theory | emotions have physilogical and cognitive labels |
ploygraph | lie detector |
facail feedback | effect of facail expressions on emotion |
catharsis | emotional release |
feel good do good | to do good things when you feel good |
well being | satisfaction with your life |
adaptive level phenomenon | form judgments on whats normal based on previous experiences |
behavior medication | integrates behavior and medication |
health psychology | study of health related to behavior medication |
stres | how we perceive and respond |
relative deprivation | we are worse then what we compare ourselves too |
GAS | Alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
coronary heart disease | common hear disease |
Type A personality | competitive |
Type B personality | passive |
psychological illness | mind-body illness |
PNI | how your mental state affects your health |
lymphocytes | white blood cells |
developmental psychology | studies physical, mental, social, changes through life |
zygote | fertilized egg |
embryo | child after 2 weeks |
fetus | child after 9 weeks |
tetratogens | illnesses that can reach the child in the womb |
FAS | fetal alcohol syndrome |
habituation | decreased responses after repeated exposure |
maturation | biological growth cycle |
cognition | all mental activities |
schema | a concept of framework that organizes that organizes and interprets info |
assimilation | interpreting new information experiences in terms of existing shemas |
accommodation | adapting current understandings |
sensorimotor stage | birth-2, get to know the world through sensory and motor activities |
objective performance | things exists eve when not seen |
preoperational stage | 2-6 years of age, uses language but doesnt understand logic |
conservation | principle that mass and volume stay the same |
ego centrism | children's difficulty seeing another person's point of view |
theory of mind | peoples ideas about their own or other mental state |
concrete operational stage | 6-11 years of age , they understand logic |
formal operational state | begin at age 12, think logically about abstract objects |
autism | mental disorder, diffiecent communication, socializing, understanding |
stranger anxiety | fear of stranger |
attachment | emotional tie with another person |
critical period | optimal period after growth to experience stimuli |
imprinting | animals forming attachments |
temperament | a persons emotional re-activity |
basic-trust | a sense that the world is predictable |
self-concept | knowing who you are |
gender | male/female |
aggression | behavior intended o harm another |
X Chromosome | Female chromosome |
Y chromosome | male chromosome |
testosterone | male sex hormone |
Role | norms of a social position |
Gender Role | set expectations of either gender |
gender identity | sense of gender |
gender typing | acquisition of a traditional role |
social learning theory | learning by observation and imitation |
adolescence | transition from childhood and adulthood |
puberty | period of sexual maturation |
Primary sex characteristics | sexual body structures |
secondary sex characteristics | non-reproductive sex characteristics, ie; hips and voice |
menarche | first menstrual cycle |
identity | our sense of self |
social identity | the "we" aspect of self-concept |
intimacy | ability to have close, loving relationships |
emerging adulthood | late-teens, mid-twenties |
menopause | time of secession of menstruation |
cross-sectional study | the comparison between different ages |
longitudinal study | same people are restudied over time |
crystallized intelligence | increase of knowledge with age |
fluid intelligence | ability to recall information quickly |
social clock | preferred timing of social events |
personality | an individuals characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
free association | in psychoanalysts, the study of the unconscious mind |
psychoanalysis | frueds theory that associates the unconscious motives with thoughts and actions |
unconscious | a reservoir of unacceptable thoughts and memories |
ID | operates pleasure principle, demanding gratification |
Ego | the conscious, mediating between superego and ID |
superego | internalized ideals |
psycho-sexual stages | childhood stages of development. 1. Oral 2. anal 3. phallic 4. latency 5. genital |
Oedipus complex | a boys sexual desires toward the mother and resentment toward the father |
identification | children incorporate their parents morals into development |
fixation | a focus on pleasure seeking energies |
defense mechanisms | ego's protective method by distorting realities |
repression | basic defense mechanism that pushes thoughts out of mind |
regression | a person retreats to psycho-sexual stages |
reaction formation | people say or do the opposite of normal |
projection | disguise their own impulses by attributing to others |
rationalization | self-justification |
displacement | diverts impulses to a more acceptable object or person |
sublimation | re-channel impulses |
denial | refusal to believe |
collective unconsciousness | inherited reservoir of memory traces from species history |
projective tests | a personality tests |
TAT | a progressive test for peoples inner feelings through stories |
Rorschach ink-block tests | using ink-blocks to see feelings |
terror management theory | a theory of death related anxiety |
self-actualization | one of the ultimate psychological needs |
unconditional positive regard | total acceptance of another person |
self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves |
trait | a characteristic behavior |
personality inventory | used ti select traits based on questions |
MMPI | used fir many screening purposes |
Empirically derived tests | test a pool of items and discriminating against certain ones |
social-cognitive perspective | behavior influenced by interacting traits |
reciprocal determinism | interaction of behavior, internally |
personal control | having control over ones environment |
external locus of control | perception that chance chooses your fate |
internal locus of control | the perception you control your own fate |
positive psychology | scientific study of optimal human functioning |
self | assumed to be the center if our personality |
spotlight effect | over-estimating others noticing and evaluating ourselves |
self-esteem | ones feelings of high or low self worth |
self-serving bias | readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
individualism | giving priority to ones own goals |
collectivism | giving priority to the goals of ones group |
behavior genetics | study of genetic influence on behavior |
environment | every non-genetic influence |
chromosome | make up DNA |
DNA | makes up genetic material |
Genes | small segments of DNA |
Genome | the complete instructions for the making of an organism |
identical twins | twins who develop from a single egg |
fraternal twins | twins who develop from separate eggs |
herediability | the varying among people due to genes |
interaction | nature interacts with nurture |
molecular genetics | studies molecules and the functions of genes |
evolutionary psychology | study of the evolution of behavior and mind |
natural selection | better genes will be passed on |
mutations | error in the genome |
consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
circadian rhythm | biological clock |
REM sleep | rapid eye movement sleep |
alpha waves | slow brain waves when you are in a awake and relaxed state |
sleep | a natural periodic lose of consciousness |
hallucinations | false sensory experiences |
delta waves | brain waves in the deep sleep |
NREM sleep | opposite of REM( non eye movement sleep) all stages but REM |
Insomnia | cant seem to fall asleep |
narcolepsy | uncontrollable sleep attacks |
sleep apnea | stop breathing during sleep |
night terrors | extreme nightmares |
dream | images and emotions in a persons sleeping mind |
manifest content | remembered story line of a dream |
latent content | underlying meaning of a persons dream |
REM rebound | the increased amount of REM sleep after a REM deprivation |
hypnosis | hypnotist puts another person under hypnosis into a manipulative state |
post hypnotic suggestion | a suggestion to be carried out after hypnosis |
dissociation | split in consciousness |
psychoactive drug | alters perceptions and moods |
tolerance | diminished affect of substances because of repeated of use |
withdrawal | discomfort following quitting addictive drugs |
physical dependence | physical need for drugs |
addiction | intense cravings |
depressants | drug that reduce neural activity |
barbiturates | depress central neural activity |
opiates | depress neural activity |
stimulants | excite neural activity |
amphetamines | increase neural activity |
methamphetamines | powerful amphetamine |
ecstasy | synthetic stimulant |
hallucinogen | distort perceptions |
LSD | powerful hallucinogen |
near death experience | altered states of consciousness after a near death experience |
THC | Active ingredient in marijuana |
Social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
attribution theory | the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition |
fundamental attribution theory | the tendency for observers when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of the situation of personal disposition |
attitude | feelings, often influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events |
central route persuasion | attitude change due to people that are directly involved in the topic of discussion |
peripheral route persuasion | attitude change due to influenced by incidental cues |
foot in door phenomenon | the tendency to do more of something after first agreeing to a smaller task |
Role | a set of expectations about any social position |
cognitive dissonance theory | the theory that we act to reduce disscomfort |
conformity | adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
normative social influence | influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or disapproval |
informational social influence | influence resulting from a persons desire one's willingness to accept others opinions about reality |
social facilitation | stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others |
social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exhert less effort |
deindividuation | the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations |
group polarization | the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
groupthink | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for group harmony in a desiion making group overrides a realistic approval of alternatives |
culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitides, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to another |
norm | an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. |
Personal space | the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies |
prejudice | an unjustified attitude toward a group and its members. |
stereotype | a generalized belief about a group of people |
discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members |
ingroup | people whom we share a common identity |
outgroup | those percieved as different or apart from our ingroup |
ingroup bias | the tendency to favor our own group |
scapegoat theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
other race effect | the tendency to recall faces of ones owns race |
just world phenomenon | the tendency to believe that the world is just |
aggression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone |
frustration-aggression principle | the principle that frustration(the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression |
mere exposure effect | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking |
passionate love | an aroused state of intense state of positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
companion love | the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
equity | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. |
self-disclosure | revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
bystander affect | the possibility that if in a group a bystander will not help when it is needed |
social exchange theory | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
reciprocity norm | an expectation that people will help them, not hurt, those who have helped them. |
social responsibility norm | an expectation that people will help those dependent on them |
conflict | a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
social trap | a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
mirror-image perceptions | mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the others side as evil and aggressive |
self-fulfilling prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
super orinate goals | shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
GRIT | a strategy to reduce tensions |
empiricism | the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should therefor rely on observation and experimentation |
structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind |
functionalism | a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function |
experimental psychology | the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method |
behaviorism | the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. |
humanistic psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth |
cognitive neuroscience | the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognitive activity |
psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes. |
Nature vs. Nurture | the controversy over the contributions of genes vs experiences. |
Natural selection | survival of the fittest, the most fit genes will move on to the next generation while the weak genes will die off. |
level's of anylasis | the differing complementary view, from bio, to psychological, to cultural levels of analysis |
Biopsychosocial approach | an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis |
Biological psychology | a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological and psychological processes |
evolutionary psychology | the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using principles of natural selection |
psychodynamic psychology | a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that info to treat people with psych disorders |
cognitive psychology | the scientific study of all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
social cultural psychology | the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking |
psychometrics | the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits. |
basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
developmental psychology | the scientific study of, physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life pan |
educational psychology | the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning |
personality psychology | the study of an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
social psychology | the scientific study of how we think, about, influence, ad relate to one another. |
applied research | the scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
industrial- organized psychology | the application of psychology concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces |
human factors psychology | the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily machines and environments |
counseling psychology | a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well being |
clinical psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy |
SQ3R | survey, question, read, rehearse, review |
hindsight bias | the tendency to believing after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. |
theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
hypothesis | a testable prediction, implied by a theory |
operational definition | a statement of the procedures, used ti define research variables |
replication | the ability to replicate a experiment with generally the same results each time |
case study | a in depth study of one specific person |
survey | a technique for ascertaing the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group. |
population | all the cases in a group being studied |
Random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
naturalistic observation | observing and recording behaviors in naturally occurring situations |
correlation | a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus how well either factor predicts the other |
correlation coefficient | a statistical index of the relationship between two things |
illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none truly exists |
experiment | research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors ti observe the effect in some behavior or mental processes. |
random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance |
experimental group | in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is to one version of the independent variable |
control group | in an experiment the group of participants not exposed to the treatment |
independent variable | the experimental factor that is manipulated |
dependent variable | the variable that may change in response to the independent variable |
confounding variable | a variable besides the independent variable that could produce an affect |
statistical significance | a statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
culture | behaviors, ideas, traditions, attitudes, shared by a people and passed down each generation |
informed consent | an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they want to participate or not |
debriefing | the past explanation of a study |
placebo affect | results caused by a change in the state of mind |
learning | a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience |
habituation | an organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it |
associative learning | learning that certain events occur together |
classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
behaviorism | the view that psychology should be objective and study behavior without reference to mental processes. |
acquisition | in classical conditioning the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus with a unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. |
higher order conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is one conditioned experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus |
extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response |
spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
generalization | the tendency for once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
discrimination | in classical conditioning the leaned ability to distinguish one stimuli from another |
learned helplessness | the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repecited aversive events |
respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic resonse to some stimulus |
operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer of diminished if followed by a punisher |
operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
law of effect | thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
shaping | a operant conditiong procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximation of the desired behavior |
discrimitive stimulus | in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement |
reinforcer | in operant conditioning any events that strengthens the behavior it follows |
sensory memory | the immediate very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system |
semantic encoding | the encoding of meaningful words |
implict memory | retention independent of conscious recollection |
explict memory | memory of facts and experiences, that one can constantly know and declare |
hippocampus | neural center that is located in the limbic system |
mood congruent | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood. |
proactive interference | disrupted effect of new learning on the recall of new info |
retro active interference | disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info |
mental set | the way you approach a problem |
representitiveness heuristic | stereotypes, judging on based on prior experience |
framing | the way an issue is posed |
phoneme | smallest distinctive unit of language with meaning |
linguistic determinism | language determines how we think |
sympathetic nervous system | arouses the body |
para sympathetic | calms the body |
lesion | tissue destruction |
medulla | base of stem, controls heartbeat ad breathing |
brainstem | begins where spinal cord ends, basic survival functions |
thalamus | sensory switchboard, controls messages |
cerebellum | little brain at the rear of the brainstem |
amygdala | aggresion and fear |
hypothalamus | helps govern endocrine system and survival instincts |
cerebral cortex | interconnected cells covering the cerebral hemispheres |
frontal lobes | involved in speaking, planning, and judgments |
parietal lobes | receives touch and body position |
motor cortex | controls voluntary movement |
associations areas | involved in learning, speaking, and thinking |
aphasia | impairment of language |
broca's area | controls language expression |
wernickes area | reading and writing |
neurogenisis | formation of new neurons |
dual processioning | that information is processed consciously and unconsciously |
medical model | Psychological diseases that cause harm but can be treated |
anxiety disorders | distressing, persistent anxiety, maladaptive behaviors |
somatoform disorders | disorder that takes a bodily form |
conversion disorders | having physical symptoms but no psychological |
psychoanalysis | patients free associations, resistances, dreams, transference's, and the therapists interpretation of their repressed feelings |
psychodynamic | responding from unconscious, seeks to enhance self-insight |
active listening | empathetic, echoes, restates, clarifies |
cognitive therapies | teaches people new and adaptive ways of thinking |