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Psych1203

Psych unit 11, 4, 8, 9, 10, 3C, 5, 14, 1, 2, 6, 7A, 7B, 3A, 3B, 12, 13

TermDefinition
intelligence test a method of testing ones mental aptitude
intelligence mental quality of one individual
general intelligence all around intelligence
factor anylasis statistical procedure that identifies clusters on items
savant syndrome generally limited but advanced in one area
emotional intelligence the ability to perceive, understand, manage. and use emotions
mental age your mental abilities compared to other ages
standford-Binet revision of binets original intelligence test
IQ test Ratio of mental age to chronological age
achievement tests reflect on what you've learned
aptitude tests predict what your ability to learn
weschler adult intelligence scale (WAIS) test using verbal and non verbal test
stadardization defining meaningful scores by comparision
normal curve the bell curve
reliability the extent in when a test yields consistent results
validity measures what it is supposed to
content validity extent to which the test samples behavior of interest
predictive validity should predict future performance
intellectual disability condition of limited mental ability
Down syndrome intellectual and physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome
Stereotype threat the feeliing that your score will be affected by a stereotype and because of that you do wrose on the test.
sensation the process of how we represent our enviorment
perception process of organizing and interpreting sensory info
bottom up processing analysis that begin with sensory receptors
top down processing information guided by maximum level process
selective attention focus on consciousness on a particular stimulus
intentional blindness failing to see objects because you are distracted
change blindness failure to notice change
psychphysics study between the relationships of physical and physiological experience
absolute threshold minimum required stimulus to detect 50% of the time
signal detection theory predicts when we will detect signals
subliminal below ones threshold
priming activating certain associations
difference threshold difference two stimuli require for detection
webers law differ by % not as an amount
sensory adaptation diminished sensitivity
transduction conversion of energy
wave length distance from one wave to the next
hue color determined by wavelength
intensity amount of energy in light or sound wave
pupil where light enters
iris colored muscle of the eye that adjust to light intake
lens focuses incoming light
retina processes visual info
accommodation the eyes lens changes shape to focus on objects at different distances
rods responsible for black and white and peripheral
cones focuses color in daylight or light conditions
optic nerve carries the eye messages to the brain
blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye
fovea centrel focal point
feature detector nerve cells that respond to specific features
parallel processing multitasking
young helmolts trichromatic theory that we see three colors
operant processes theory opposing retinal images that allow us to see color(blue vs yellow)
audition hearing
frequency complete wave lengths that pass through a given point
pitch light or low sound
middle ear hammer, anvil, stirub
cochlea triggers nerve impulses
inner ear cochlea canals, vestibular sacs
place theory pitch and place
frequency theory rate=frequency
conduction hearing loss hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system
sensorineural hearing loss damage to the receptor cells
coclear implant biotic ear
kinesthesis system for sensing body position and movement
vestibular sense sense of movement and position and balance
gate control theory spinal cord controls pain
sensory interaction one sense influences the others
gestalt organized whole
figured guard organized into figures
grouping organize into smaller groups
depth perception allows to judge distance
visual cliff a laboratory device for testing infant depth perception
binocular cues use of both eyes
retinal disparity depth perceived using images compared bt both eyes
monocular cues depth cues with one eye
phi phonomenon optical illusion of perceiving continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession.
perceptual consistency perceiving objects as unchanging
color consistency perceiving similar objects to have the same color
perceptual adaptation to change visual input
perceptual set perceive one thing and not another
ESP without sensory input (psychics)
parapsychology study of paranormal phonomenon
motivation a need or desire
instinct a complex behaivoir
drive reduction theory a physiological state that gets you o relax. like reducing hunger pains would drive you to food
homeostasis equiliibrium
incentive positive or negetive reinforcment
hierarchy of needs basic mental needs of life
glucose sugar in the blood. when low you feel hungry
set point the point at which your weight is "set"
basal metobolic rate bodies resting energy expediture rate
anorexia nervousa eating disorder, by starving yourself but still feeling fat
bulimia nervousa eating then vomiting, laxitives, fasting, excessisive excersise
binge eating disorder eating alot and then feeling guilty
insulin diminishes blood glucose
ghrelin hunger arousing hormones
leptin diminishes food reward pleasure
PYY hunger suppresent
obstatin sends fullness signal
orexin hunger triggering hormone
sexual response cycle excitment, plateu, orgasim, resolution
refractory period resting period after orgasim
estrogen female sex hormone
testosteron male sex hormone
sexual oreintation what you are sexualy attracted too
emotion responses of the whole organism
james-lange theory the theory that stimli 1st trigger physiological resopses then emotional
canon bard theory the theory that stimuli simutaniously trigger physiological and rmotional responses
two factor theory emotions have physilogical and cognitive labels
ploygraph lie detector
facail feedback effect of facail expressions on emotion
catharsis emotional release
feel good do good to do good things when you feel good
well being satisfaction with your life
adaptive level phenomenon form judgments on whats normal based on previous experiences
behavior medication integrates behavior and medication
health psychology study of health related to behavior medication
stres how we perceive and respond
relative deprivation we are worse then what we compare ourselves too
GAS Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
coronary heart disease common hear disease
Type A personality competitive
Type B personality passive
psychological illness mind-body illness
PNI how your mental state affects your health
lymphocytes white blood cells
developmental psychology studies physical, mental, social, changes through life
zygote fertilized egg
embryo child after 2 weeks
fetus child after 9 weeks
tetratogens illnesses that can reach the child in the womb
FAS fetal alcohol syndrome
habituation decreased responses after repeated exposure
maturation biological growth cycle
cognition all mental activities
schema a concept of framework that organizes that organizes and interprets info
assimilation interpreting new information experiences in terms of existing shemas
accommodation adapting current understandings
sensorimotor stage birth-2, get to know the world through sensory and motor activities
objective performance things exists eve when not seen
preoperational stage 2-6 years of age, uses language but doesnt understand logic
conservation principle that mass and volume stay the same
ego centrism children's difficulty seeing another person's point of view
theory of mind peoples ideas about their own or other mental state
concrete operational stage 6-11 years of age , they understand logic
formal operational state begin at age 12, think logically about abstract objects
autism mental disorder, diffiecent communication, socializing, understanding
stranger anxiety fear of stranger
attachment emotional tie with another person
critical period optimal period after growth to experience stimuli
imprinting animals forming attachments
temperament a persons emotional re-activity
basic-trust a sense that the world is predictable
self-concept knowing who you are
gender male/female
aggression behavior intended o harm another
X Chromosome Female chromosome
Y chromosome male chromosome
testosterone male sex hormone
Role norms of a social position
Gender Role set expectations of either gender
gender identity sense of gender
gender typing acquisition of a traditional role
social learning theory learning by observation and imitation
adolescence transition from childhood and adulthood
puberty period of sexual maturation
Primary sex characteristics sexual body structures
secondary sex characteristics non-reproductive sex characteristics, ie; hips and voice
menarche first menstrual cycle
identity our sense of self
social identity the "we" aspect of self-concept
intimacy ability to have close, loving relationships
emerging adulthood late-teens, mid-twenties
menopause time of secession of menstruation
cross-sectional study the comparison between different ages
longitudinal study same people are restudied over time
crystallized intelligence increase of knowledge with age
fluid intelligence ability to recall information quickly
social clock preferred timing of social events
personality an individuals characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
free association in psychoanalysts, the study of the unconscious mind
psychoanalysis frueds theory that associates the unconscious motives with thoughts and actions
unconscious a reservoir of unacceptable thoughts and memories
ID operates pleasure principle, demanding gratification
Ego the conscious, mediating between superego and ID
superego internalized ideals
psycho-sexual stages childhood stages of development. 1. Oral 2. anal 3. phallic 4. latency 5. genital
Oedipus complex a boys sexual desires toward the mother and resentment toward the father
identification children incorporate their parents morals into development
fixation a focus on pleasure seeking energies
defense mechanisms ego's protective method by distorting realities
repression basic defense mechanism that pushes thoughts out of mind
regression a person retreats to psycho-sexual stages
reaction formation people say or do the opposite of normal
projection disguise their own impulses by attributing to others
rationalization self-justification
displacement diverts impulses to a more acceptable object or person
sublimation re-channel impulses
denial refusal to believe
collective unconsciousness inherited reservoir of memory traces from species history
projective tests a personality tests
TAT a progressive test for peoples inner feelings through stories
Rorschach ink-block tests using ink-blocks to see feelings
terror management theory a theory of death related anxiety
self-actualization one of the ultimate psychological needs
unconditional positive regard total acceptance of another person
self-concept all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves
trait a characteristic behavior
personality inventory used ti select traits based on questions
MMPI used fir many screening purposes
Empirically derived tests test a pool of items and discriminating against certain ones
social-cognitive perspective behavior influenced by interacting traits
reciprocal determinism interaction of behavior, internally
personal control having control over ones environment
external locus of control perception that chance chooses your fate
internal locus of control the perception you control your own fate
positive psychology scientific study of optimal human functioning
self assumed to be the center if our personality
spotlight effect over-estimating others noticing and evaluating ourselves
self-esteem ones feelings of high or low self worth
self-serving bias readiness to perceive oneself favorably
individualism giving priority to ones own goals
collectivism giving priority to the goals of ones group
behavior genetics study of genetic influence on behavior
environment every non-genetic influence
chromosome make up DNA
DNA makes up genetic material
Genes small segments of DNA
Genome the complete instructions for the making of an organism
identical twins twins who develop from a single egg
fraternal twins twins who develop from separate eggs
herediability the varying among people due to genes
interaction nature interacts with nurture
molecular genetics studies molecules and the functions of genes
evolutionary psychology study of the evolution of behavior and mind
natural selection better genes will be passed on
mutations error in the genome
consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environment
circadian rhythm biological clock
REM sleep rapid eye movement sleep
alpha waves slow brain waves when you are in a awake and relaxed state
sleep a natural periodic lose of consciousness
hallucinations false sensory experiences
delta waves brain waves in the deep sleep
NREM sleep opposite of REM( non eye movement sleep) all stages but REM
Insomnia cant seem to fall asleep
narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks
sleep apnea stop breathing during sleep
night terrors extreme nightmares
dream images and emotions in a persons sleeping mind
manifest content remembered story line of a dream
latent content underlying meaning of a persons dream
REM rebound the increased amount of REM sleep after a REM deprivation
hypnosis hypnotist puts another person under hypnosis into a manipulative state
post hypnotic suggestion a suggestion to be carried out after hypnosis
dissociation split in consciousness
psychoactive drug alters perceptions and moods
tolerance diminished affect of substances because of repeated of use
withdrawal discomfort following quitting addictive drugs
physical dependence physical need for drugs
addiction intense cravings
depressants drug that reduce neural activity
barbiturates depress central neural activity
opiates depress neural activity
stimulants excite neural activity
amphetamines increase neural activity
methamphetamines powerful amphetamine
ecstasy synthetic stimulant
hallucinogen distort perceptions
LSD powerful hallucinogen
near death experience altered states of consciousness after a near death experience
THC Active ingredient in marijuana
Social psychology the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
attribution theory the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition
fundamental attribution theory the tendency for observers when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of the situation of personal disposition
attitude feelings, often influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events
central route persuasion attitude change due to people that are directly involved in the topic of discussion
peripheral route persuasion attitude change due to influenced by incidental cues
foot in door phenomenon the tendency to do more of something after first agreeing to a smaller task
Role a set of expectations about any social position
cognitive dissonance theory the theory that we act to reduce disscomfort
conformity adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
normative social influence influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or disapproval
informational social influence influence resulting from a persons desire one's willingness to accept others opinions about reality
social facilitation stronger responses on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others
social loafing the tendency for people in a group to exhert less effort
deindividuation the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations
group polarization the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
groupthink the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for group harmony in a desiion making group overrides a realistic approval of alternatives
culture the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitides, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to another
norm an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior.
Personal space the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
prejudice an unjustified attitude toward a group and its members.
stereotype a generalized belief about a group of people
discrimination unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
ingroup people whom we share a common identity
outgroup those percieved as different or apart from our ingroup
ingroup bias the tendency to favor our own group
scapegoat theory the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
other race effect the tendency to recall faces of ones owns race
just world phenomenon the tendency to believe that the world is just
aggression any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
frustration-aggression principle the principle that frustration(the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal) creates anger, which can generate aggression
mere exposure effect the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking
passionate love an aroused state of intense state of positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
companion love the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
equity a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.
self-disclosure revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
altruism unselfish regard for the welfare of others
bystander affect the possibility that if in a group a bystander will not help when it is needed
social exchange theory the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
reciprocity norm an expectation that people will help them, not hurt, those who have helped them.
social responsibility norm an expectation that people will help those dependent on them
conflict a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
social trap a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest become caught in mutually destructive behavior
mirror-image perceptions mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the others side as evil and aggressive
self-fulfilling prophecy a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
super orinate goals shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT a strategy to reduce tensions
empiricism the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should therefor rely on observation and experimentation
structuralism an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind
functionalism a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function
experimental psychology the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
behaviorism the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
humanistic psychology historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth
cognitive neuroscience the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognitive activity
psychology the science of behavior and mental processes.
Nature vs. Nurture the controversy over the contributions of genes vs experiences.
Natural selection survival of the fittest, the most fit genes will move on to the next generation while the weak genes will die off.
level's of anylasis the differing complementary view, from bio, to psychological, to cultural levels of analysis
Biopsychosocial approach an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social cultural levels of analysis
Biological psychology a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological and psychological processes
evolutionary psychology the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using principles of natural selection
psychodynamic psychology a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that info to treat people with psych disorders
cognitive psychology the scientific study of all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
social cultural psychology the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
psychometrics the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
basic research pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
developmental psychology the scientific study of, physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life pan
educational psychology the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
personality psychology the study of an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
social psychology the scientific study of how we think, about, influence, ad relate to one another.
applied research the scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
industrial- organized psychology the application of psychology concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
human factors psychology the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily machines and environments
counseling psychology a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well being
clinical psychology a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
psychiatry a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
SQ3R survey, question, read, rehearse, review
hindsight bias the tendency to believing after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
critical thinking thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions.
theory an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
hypothesis a testable prediction, implied by a theory
operational definition a statement of the procedures, used ti define research variables
replication the ability to replicate a experiment with generally the same results each time
case study a in depth study of one specific person
survey a technique for ascertaing the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group.
population all the cases in a group being studied
Random sample a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
naturalistic observation observing and recording behaviors in naturally occurring situations
correlation a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus how well either factor predicts the other
correlation coefficient a statistical index of the relationship between two things
illusory correlation the perception of a relationship where none truly exists
experiment research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors ti observe the effect in some behavior or mental processes.
random assignment assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance
experimental group in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is to one version of the independent variable
control group in an experiment the group of participants not exposed to the treatment
independent variable the experimental factor that is manipulated
dependent variable the variable that may change in response to the independent variable
confounding variable a variable besides the independent variable that could produce an affect
statistical significance a statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
culture behaviors, ideas, traditions, attitudes, shared by a people and passed down each generation
informed consent an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they want to participate or not
debriefing the past explanation of a study
placebo affect results caused by a change in the state of mind
learning a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
habituation an organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
associative learning learning that certain events occur together
classical conditioning a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
behaviorism the view that psychology should be objective and study behavior without reference to mental processes.
acquisition in classical conditioning the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus with a unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
higher order conditioning a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is one conditioned experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second conditioned stimulus
extinction the diminishing of a conditioned response
spontaneous recovery the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
generalization the tendency for once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
discrimination in classical conditioning the leaned ability to distinguish one stimuli from another
learned helplessness the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repecited aversive events
respondent behavior behavior that occurs as an automatic resonse to some stimulus
operant conditioning a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer of diminished if followed by a punisher
operant behavior behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
law of effect thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
shaping a operant conditiong procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximation of the desired behavior
discrimitive stimulus in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement
reinforcer in operant conditioning any events that strengthens the behavior it follows
sensory memory the immediate very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system
semantic encoding the encoding of meaningful words
implict memory retention independent of conscious recollection
explict memory memory of facts and experiences, that one can constantly know and declare
hippocampus neural center that is located in the limbic system
mood congruent the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood.
proactive interference disrupted effect of new learning on the recall of new info
retro active interference disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
mental set the way you approach a problem
representitiveness heuristic stereotypes, judging on based on prior experience
framing the way an issue is posed
phoneme smallest distinctive unit of language with meaning
linguistic determinism language determines how we think
sympathetic nervous system arouses the body
para sympathetic calms the body
lesion tissue destruction
medulla base of stem, controls heartbeat ad breathing
brainstem begins where spinal cord ends, basic survival functions
thalamus sensory switchboard, controls messages
cerebellum little brain at the rear of the brainstem
amygdala aggresion and fear
hypothalamus helps govern endocrine system and survival instincts
cerebral cortex interconnected cells covering the cerebral hemispheres
frontal lobes involved in speaking, planning, and judgments
parietal lobes receives touch and body position
motor cortex controls voluntary movement
associations areas involved in learning, speaking, and thinking
aphasia impairment of language
broca's area controls language expression
wernickes area reading and writing
neurogenisis formation of new neurons
dual processioning that information is processed consciously and unconsciously
medical model Psychological diseases that cause harm but can be treated
anxiety disorders distressing, persistent anxiety, maladaptive behaviors
somatoform disorders disorder that takes a bodily form
conversion disorders having physical symptoms but no psychological
psychoanalysis patients free associations, resistances, dreams, transference's, and the therapists interpretation of their repressed feelings
psychodynamic responding from unconscious, seeks to enhance self-insight
active listening empathetic, echoes, restates, clarifies
cognitive therapies teaches people new and adaptive ways of thinking
Created by: izzyb1203
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