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AP Psychology Ch. 1
Psychology - definitions, basics and history
| Vocabulary | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| Empirical approach | A study cunducted via careful observations and scientifically based research |
| Pseudopsychology | Erroneous assertions or practices set forth as being scientific psychology |
| Confirmation Bias | The tendency to attend to evidence that complements and confirms our beliefs or expectations, while ignoring evidence that does not. |
| Experimental Psychologists | Psychologists who do research on basic psychological processes-as contrasted with applied psychologists; also called research psychologists |
| Teachers of psychology | Psychologists whose primary job is teaching, typically in high schools, colleges and universities |
| Applied psychologists | Psychologists who use the knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems |
| Psychiatry | A medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders |
| Structuralism | A historical school of psychology devoted to uncovering the basic structures that make up mind and thought. Structuralists sought the "elements" of conscious experience |
| Introspection | The process of reporting on one's own conscious mental experiences |
| Functionalism | A historical school of psychology that believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptave purpose and function |
| Gestalt Psychology | A historical school of psychology that sought to understand how the brain works by studying perception and perceptual learning. Gestalt psychologists believed that percepts consist of meaningful wholes (auch Deutch, Gestalts). |
| Behaviorism | A historical school (as well as a modern perspective) that has sought to make psychology and objective science focused only on behavior-to the exclusion of mental processes. |
| Psychoanalysis | An approach to psychology based on Sigmund Freud's assertions, which emphasize unconscious processes. The term is used to refer broadly both to Freud's psychoanalytic theory and to his psychoanalytic treatment method. |
| Biological Vie | The psychological perspective that searches for the causes of behavior in the functioning of genes, the brain and nervous system, and the endocrine (hormone) system |
| Neuroscience | The field devoted to understanding how the brain creates thoughts, feelings, motives, consciousness, memories, and other mental processes |
| Evolutionary psychology | A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction. |
| Developmental view | The psychological perspective emphasizing changes that occur across the lifespan. |
| Cognitive view | The psychological perspective emphasizing mental processes, such as learning, memory, perception and thinking, as forms of information processing. |
| Cognitions | Mental processes, such as thinking, memory, sensation and perception |
| Cognitive neuroscience | An interdisciplinary field emphasizing brain activity as information processing; involves cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and specialists from other fields whoare interested in the connection between mental process |
| Clinical view | The psychological perspective emphasizing mental health and mental illness. Psychodynamic and humanistic psychology are variations on the clinical view. |
| Psychodynamic psychology | A clinical viewpoint emphasizing the understanding of mental disorders in terms of unconscious needs, desires, memories and conflicts. |
| Humanistic psychology | A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential and free will. |
| Behavioral view | A psychological perspective that finds the source of our actions in environmental stimuli, rather than in inner mental processes. |
| Sociocultural view | A psychological perspective emphasizing the importance of social interaction, social learning, and a cultural perspective. |
| Culture | A complex blend of language, beliefs, customs, values, and traditions developed by a group of people and shared with others in the same environment |
| Trait view | A psychological perspective that views behavior and personality as the products of enduring psychological characteristics. |
| Rene Descartes | 1596-1650; discovered sensation, behaviors link |
| Wilhelm Wundt (Voont) | 1832-1929; 1st person to declare himself a psychologist; structuralism. |
| William James | 1842-1910; 1st United States psychologist; looked at functions - why we do what we do; 1st text book on psychology |
| John B. Watson | Behaviorism (only observable things) |
| Sigmund Freud | 1856-1939; Psychoanalysis (brainchild); iceberg chart |
| B.F. Skinner | Tested that rats learn through example; trial and error. Asked to prove that we have minds |
Created by:
acluke
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