4 types of research methods

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social psych

Question	Answer
social psychology is the scientific study of the way in which people's _, _ and _ are influenced by the real or imagined __ of ___	thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, presence of others
what is social psychology (3)	fundamental attribution error, construals, schemas
fundamental attribution error is the tendency to __ personality as a cause of someone's ___	overestimate, behavior
fundamental attribution error is the influence of __ factors is often __	situational, discounted
interpretations and inferences made about a stimulus or situation	construals
general knowledge about the world	schemas
schemas includes expectations for how to	behave
tendency to overestimate personality as a cause of someone's behavior	fundamental attribution error
the influence of situational factors is often discounted	fundamental attribution error
wall street/community game: whether the participants had been identified as likely to cooperate or defect did not help predict their actual levels of __	cooperation
4 types of research methods	ovservational research, archival research, correlational research, experimental research
cause and effect is what type of research	experimental
key features of experimental research are	I vs D variables, experimental v control groups
where do we find our participants?	random sampling is ideal
a sample in which each person in the population we want to study is equally likely to be picked to participate	random sampling
more often researchers use a	convenience sample
how well does our research explain behavior in the real world?	external validity
extent to which you can infer causality	internal validity
biggest threat of internal validity is	confounds (uncontrolled variables)
3 different self relevant concerns	social comparison theory, self verification theory, the three selves model
the self is	social
who we are or at least who we want to show to other people that we are varies across	social situations
collection of beliefs that we hold about ourselves	self concept
self concept is __ and _ flexible	siutationally, relationally
6 origins of self knowledge	introspection, self perception theory, reflected self appraisail, situations, other people, autobiographical memories
if internal cues are different to interpret, people will look for insight from their own behavior	self perception theory
social comparison	other people
self reference effect	autobiographical memories
we compare ourselves with other people as a means of gaining informaiton about ourselves	social comparison theory, festinger 1954
social comparison theory - more likely when objective info is not	available
social comparison theory - __ __ provide most accurate info	similar others
3 types of targets in social comparison theory	upward, downward, similar
someone better off than one's self	upward
someone worse off than one's self	downward
people are more accurate in recalling trait adjectives when they had previously considered whether the traits applied to themselves	autobiographical memories, self reference effect
are autobiographical memories always accurate	no
another origin of self knowledge is	culture
two types of culture	independent view of self, interdependent view of self
slef is seen as a distinct, autonomous entity, separated from others and defined by individual traits and preferences	independent
self seen as connected to others, defined by social duties and shared traits and preferences	interdependent
concerns about the need to see oneself accurately, need to see oneself with consistency, need to improve onself, need for self enhancement to feel good, etc are what type of concerns	self relevent concerns
a big self relevant concern is	self esteem
the positive or neg overall evaluation that each person has of himself or herself	self esteem
an account of self esteem that maintains that self esteem is __ on success and failures in domains on which a person has based his or her self worth	contingent, contingencies of self worth
a hypothesis that maintains that self esteem is an internal, subjective, index or marker of the extent to which a person is included or looked on favorably by others	sociometer hypothesis
members of individualistic cultures tend to report __ levels of self esteem than members of collectivistic cultures	higher
feeling good about the self as an __ is more valued in western culture	individual
many asian languages have no equivalent word for the idea of	self esteem
self esteems reflects the connection between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves	self discrepancy theory
one's self esteem and emotional well being can be predicted by the degree of discrepancy between ideal self and actual self	self discrepancy theory
self serving cognitions	self enhancement
take credit for success and distance self from failures, self handicapping, basking in reflected glory	self serving cognitions
sabotage own performance so as to have an excuse for failure	self handicapping
self enhancement- __ social comparisons	downward
the processes by which we try to shape what others things of us	self presentation
2 types of self presentation	impression management, self verification
active attempts to control how others see you	impression management
desire to have others see us as we see ourselves	self verification
2 types of self enhancements	downward social comparisons, self presentations
self presentation is	self monitoring
the tendency to monitor or scrutinize ones behaviors when in a public situation	self monitoring
try to fit their behavior to the situation	high self monitors
more likely to behave according to their internal preferences	low self monitors
our self concept is made up of three different representations that may be activated at different times.	three selves model
the three representations are	personal self, possible self, collective self
understanding who we are at the present point in time	personal self
representation of who we might be in the future	possible self
self view which is made up of the identities we derive from the groups to which we belong	collective self
all three can be influenced by _ and they can be altered or maintained through the process of _ and _	social interactions, social comparison, self verification
exploration of how people think about themselves and the social world	social cognition
social cognition is the exploration of how people think about __ and the __	themselves, social world
how do we select interpret remember and use social info to make judgements and deicsions?	social cognition
what assumption is in social cognition? people are generally trying to __ acurate __ and do so most of the time	form accurate impressions
2 types of thinking in social cognition	automatic thinking and controlled thinking
quick unintentional involuntary and effortless thinking	automatic thinking
effortful and deliberate, pausing to think about self and the environment, carefully selecting the right course of action	controlled thinking
where does social cognition information come from? (2)	firsthand info, secondhand info
info based on personal experience or observation	firsthand info
info from other sources	secondhand info
2 ways to cause misleading firsthand info	unrepresentative, pluralistic ignorance
drinking behavior is a form of	pluralistic ignorance
misleading secondhand info comes from	ideological distortions
data driven information processing	bottom up processing
judgements are made by taking info piece by piece	bottom up
information processing guided by prior knowledge	top down
information is filtered and interpreted by expectations	top-down
mental units that organize our knowledge about the social world (people, ourselves, social roles, and specific events)	schemas
schemas help to : __ and make __ of the world , fill in __ of __, act __ when we encounter ambiious or uncertain info	organize, make sense, fill in gaps, act appropriately
schemas guide __, guide __ and __, influence __ (__ and __)	attention, inferences + interpretations, memory (encoding and retrieval)
the extent to which schemas are at the forefront of people's minds and therefore likely to be used in making social judgements	accessibility
schemas can be __ accessible due to __	chronically accessible due to past experience
schemas can be accessible because they are related to a __	current goal
schemas can be __ accessible because of __ experience, which can be __ or __ - as in __	temporarily, recent, conscious or unconscous, priming
schemas and prior beliefs are difficult to	modify
the idea that schemas and prior beliefs are difficult to modify can be seen in the	perseverance effect
the perseverance effect occurs when people's beliefs about themselves and the world persists even after __ __ is __	disconfirmatory evidence is presented
participants ratings of their ability on a future tast was directly related to their performance on a previous task even though they were told that the results of the previous task were inaccurate	perseverance effect
when we modify our schemas based on new information or experience we can do so in one of two ways:	assimilation or accomodation
assimilation is the process by which we modify the _ to fit the __	new data, schema
accommodation is the process by which we modify the _ to fit the _	schema, new data
perserverance effect can led to	confirmation bias
the tendency to test an idea by searching for evidence that would support it	confirmation bias
confirmation bias can lead to false beliefs because people may fail to attend to	disconfirming information
confirmatory information is sought because people want to maintain a certain belief	motivated confirmation bias
reducing effort in social cognition and judement: _ and _	heuristics and biases
simple rules we sue for making complex decisions or drawing inferences in a seemingly effortless manner	heuristics
heuristics can sometimes lead to __ in information processing	biases
what types of biases can heuristics lead to	availability, representativeness, negative bias
judgements of frequency based on ease of bringing event/instance to mind	the availability heuristic
overestimate the occurance of events that are _ to recall, underestimate the occurance of events that are _ to recall	easy, difficult
ask someoneto think of 6 examples of atime they were generous or 12 examples of a time they were generous then ask them to rate themselves on their own generosity how generous are you on a scale of 1 to 10	availability heuristic
judgements based on how similar something is to a prototypical ecample	representativeness heuristic
the representativeness heuristic is making judgements of __ and judging __ relationships	social categories, cause+effect relationship
ignoring the relative frequency of an event	base-rate neglect
base-rate neglect is part of the __ heuristic	representativeness
linda is 31 y.o. single outspoken bright and as student deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice + participated in anti nuclear demonstrations what is the probability that linda is a feminist bank teller	representativeness heuristic
we show greater sensitivity to negative info than to pos info	negativity bias
evidence that within marriages it takes at least 5 good acts to repair the damage of one critical or destructive act	negativity bias
one consequence of negativity bias is that when people's thoughts wander, they tend to brood over __ events rather than having their thoughts drift to _ events	negative, positive
mentally changing some aspect of the past in thinking about what might have been	counterfactual thinking
__ thinking : the easier it is to mentally undo a situation, the stronger the __ to it	counterfactual, emotional reaction
counterfactual thinking: reflections on the __, how things might have __ __	past, turned out differently
things might have turned out better	upward counterfactual thinking
things might have turned out worse	downward counterfactual thinking
__ is the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people	social perception
we often make immediate inferences about other people based on	easily observable characteristics
these influences can influence __ and the __ of others	our behavior, behavior of others
the way in which people communicate, either intentionally or unintentionally, without words	nonverbal communication
big 5 dimensions	openness to experience, consciousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
a room with a cue findings: friends ratings were more accurate on measures of __ and __	extraversion, agreeableness
a room with a cue findings: strangers ratings were more accurate on (3)	consciousness, openness to experience, and neuroticism
drs who were given high ratings of dominance and low ratings of concern/anxiety - based solely on their tone of voice and manner of speaking during the 40sec interval were sig. more likely to be sued	non verbal communiction
forming impressions from brief interactions or experiences with someone else	thin slicing
thin slicing is a form of	impression formation
central and peripheral traits	impression formation
intelligent skillful industrious cold/warm, determined, practical, cautious	central and peripheral traits
our attempts to answer 'why' about the cause of people's beahviors	attributions
we often wonder why people do the things that they do- why did brittney spears get into a car accident	attribution
when people make attributions we can explain people's behavior as being caused by	internal or external factors
explanations that derive from the person him or herself	internal attributions
explanations that derive from the situation that the person finds him or herself in	external attributions
attributions made by weighing potential causes	covariation
covariation focuses on observations of behavior across _ _ and __	time, place actors and targets
covariation information gathered about (3)	consensus, consistency, distinctiveness
do other people act the same way	consesus
does he /she act the same way in the same circumstance	consistency
does he/she act the same way in the different situations	distinctiveness
claire laughs hysterically at her date's jokes, it is something about __ or about __	her or her date
does everyone laugh at his jokes?	consesus
does claire always laugh at her date's jokes?	consistency
does she laugh only at this date's jokes?	distinctiveness
__ attributions likely if consensus distinctiveness and consistency are high	external
for instance a person yelling loudly during a football game - since most people would ( high __) , if the person doesn't yell in other situations (high __), the person yells throughout the game or during other football games (high __)	consensus, distinctiveness, consistency
then assume the person's behavior is a product of	the situation
internal attributions likely when __ and __ are low but __ is high	consensus, distinctiveness, consistency
a person laughing at a funeral- since most people wouldn't (__), if the person laughed in other solemn situations (__), the person continued to laugh throughout the funeral/other funerals (__)	low consensus, low distinctiveness, high consistency
then assume there is something __ about the person	unusual
tendency to believe that people's behavior corresponds to (matches) their dispositions (personality)	correspondence bias
correspondence bias is so pervasive, social psycholosist refer to it as the	fundamental attribution error
tendency to overestimate dispositional causes and underestimate situational causes as explanations for others behaviors	fundamental attribution error
fundamental attribution error- tendency to __ causes and __ causes as explanations for other's behavior	overestimate dispositional, underestimate situational
inferences may be made about someone's true personality even when we are aware that their behavior resulted from an assigned role	fundamental attribution error
causes of fundamental attribution error (4)	perceptual salience, belief in a just world, automatic and controlled thinking, two step process
motivated to believe that people get what they deserve in life- good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people	belief in a just world
fundamental attribution errors may be reassuring because we feel less vulnerable to external factors influencing our life outcomes	belief in a just world
two step process: first - make quick automatic __ __, second make effor to search for __	internal attribution, situational factors
when we are distracted tired etc we will often not proceed to	step two
__ describes the fact that we tend to attribute our own behaviors to the situation, but other's behave dispositionally	actor-observer bias
__ is another factor in our use of attributions	self serving bias
we tend to take credit for our successes (__) and blame others or the situaition for our failures (_-)	self serving bias, internal attribution, external attribition
self serving bias- tuck rule play- new england wins game defeating raiders after controversial call how does each team explain outcome	raider loses- external attribution, new england wins- internal attribution

Created by: lilcollins92

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