social psych
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| social psychology is the scientific study of the way in which people's _, _ and _ are influenced by the real or imagined __ of ___ | thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, presence of others
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| what is social psychology (3) | fundamental attribution error, construals, schemas
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| fundamental attribution error is the tendency to __ personality as a cause of someone's ___ | overestimate, behavior
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| fundamental attribution error is the influence of __ factors is often __ | situational, discounted
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| interpretations and inferences made about a stimulus or situation | construals
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| general knowledge about the world | schemas
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| schemas includes expectations for how to | behave
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| tendency to overestimate personality as a cause of someone's behavior | fundamental attribution error
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| the influence of situational factors is often discounted | fundamental attribution error
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| wall street/community game: whether the participants had been identified as likely to cooperate or defect did not help predict their actual levels of __ | cooperation
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| 4 types of research methods | ovservational research, archival research, correlational research, experimental research
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| cause and effect is what type of research | experimental
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| key features of experimental research are | I vs D variables, experimental v control groups
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| where do we find our participants? | random sampling is ideal
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| a sample in which each person in the population we want to study is equally likely to be picked to participate | random sampling
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| more often researchers use a | convenience sample
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| how well does our research explain behavior in the real world? | external validity
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| extent to which you can infer causality | internal validity
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| biggest threat of internal validity is | confounds (uncontrolled variables)
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| 3 different self relevant concerns | social comparison theory, self verification theory, the three selves model
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| the self is | social
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| who we are or at least who we want to show to other people that we are varies across | social situations
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| collection of beliefs that we hold about ourselves | self concept
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| self concept is __ and _ flexible | siutationally, relationally
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| 6 origins of self knowledge | introspection, self perception theory, reflected self appraisail, situations, other people, autobiographical memories
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| if internal cues are different to interpret, people will look for insight from their own behavior | self perception theory
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| social comparison | other people
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| self reference effect | autobiographical memories
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| we compare ourselves with other people as a means of gaining informaiton about ourselves | social comparison theory, festinger 1954
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| social comparison theory - more likely when objective info is not | available
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| social comparison theory - __ __ provide most accurate info | similar others
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| 3 types of targets in social comparison theory | upward, downward, similar
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| someone better off than one's self | upward
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| someone worse off than one's self | downward
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| people are more accurate in recalling trait adjectives when they had previously considered whether the traits applied to themselves | autobiographical memories, self reference effect
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| are autobiographical memories always accurate | no
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| another origin of self knowledge is | culture
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| two types of culture | independent view of self, interdependent view of self
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| slef is seen as a distinct, autonomous entity, separated from others and defined by individual traits and preferences | independent
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| self seen as connected to others, defined by social duties and shared traits and preferences | interdependent
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| concerns about the need to see oneself accurately, need to see oneself with consistency, need to improve onself, need for self enhancement to feel good, etc are what type of concerns | self relevent concerns
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| a big self relevant concern is | self esteem
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| the positive or neg overall evaluation that each person has of himself or herself | self esteem
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| an account of self esteem that maintains that self esteem is __ on success and failures in domains on which a person has based his or her self worth | contingent, contingencies of self worth
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| a hypothesis that maintains that self esteem is an internal, subjective, index or marker of the extent to which a person is included or looked on favorably by others | sociometer hypothesis
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| members of individualistic cultures tend to report __ levels of self esteem than members of collectivistic cultures | higher
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| feeling good about the self as an __ is more valued in western culture | individual
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| many asian languages have no equivalent word for the idea of | self esteem
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| self esteems reflects the connection between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves | self discrepancy theory
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| one's self esteem and emotional well being can be predicted by the degree of discrepancy between ideal self and actual self | self discrepancy theory
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| self serving cognitions | self enhancement
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| take credit for success and distance self from failures, self handicapping, basking in reflected glory | self serving cognitions
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| sabotage own performance so as to have an excuse for failure | self handicapping
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| self enhancement- __ social comparisons | downward
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| the processes by which we try to shape what others things of us | self presentation
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| 2 types of self presentation | impression management, self verification
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| active attempts to control how others see you | impression management
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| desire to have others see us as we see ourselves | self verification
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| 2 types of self enhancements | downward social comparisons, self presentations
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| self presentation is | self monitoring
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| the tendency to monitor or scrutinize ones behaviors when in a public situation | self monitoring
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| try to fit their behavior to the situation | high self monitors
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| more likely to behave according to their internal preferences | low self monitors
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| our self concept is made up of three different representations that may be activated at different times. | three selves model
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| the three representations are | personal self, possible self, collective self
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| understanding who we are at the present point in time | personal self
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| representation of who we might be in the future | possible self
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| self view which is made up of the identities we derive from the groups to which we belong | collective self
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| all three can be influenced by _ and they can be altered or maintained through the process of _ and _ | social interactions, social comparison, self verification
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| exploration of how people think about themselves and the social world | social cognition
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| social cognition is the exploration of how people think about __ and the __ | themselves, social world
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| how do we select interpret remember and use social info to make judgements and deicsions? | social cognition
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| what assumption is in social cognition? people are generally trying to __ acurate __ and do so most of the time | form accurate impressions
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| 2 types of thinking in social cognition | automatic thinking and controlled thinking
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| quick unintentional involuntary and effortless thinking | automatic thinking
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| effortful and deliberate, pausing to think about self and the environment, carefully selecting the right course of action | controlled thinking
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| where does social cognition information come from? (2) | firsthand info, secondhand info
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| info based on personal experience or observation | firsthand info
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| info from other sources | secondhand info
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| 2 ways to cause misleading firsthand info | unrepresentative, pluralistic ignorance
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| drinking behavior is a form of | pluralistic ignorance
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| misleading secondhand info comes from | ideological distortions
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| data driven information processing | bottom up processing
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| judgements are made by taking info piece by piece | bottom up
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| information processing guided by prior knowledge | top down
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| information is filtered and interpreted by expectations | top-down
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| mental units that organize our knowledge about the social world (people, ourselves, social roles, and specific events) | schemas
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| schemas help to : __ and make __ of the world , fill in __ of __, act __ when we encounter ambiious or uncertain info | organize, make sense, fill in gaps, act appropriately
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| schemas guide __, guide __ and __, influence __ (__ and __) | attention, inferences + interpretations, memory (encoding and retrieval)
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| the extent to which schemas are at the forefront of people's minds and therefore likely to be used in making social judgements | accessibility
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| schemas can be __ accessible due to __ | chronically accessible due to past experience
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| schemas can be accessible because they are related to a __ | current goal
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| schemas can be __ accessible because of __ experience, which can be __ or __ - as in __ | temporarily, recent, conscious or unconscous, priming
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| schemas and prior beliefs are difficult to | modify
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| the idea that schemas and prior beliefs are difficult to modify can be seen in the | perseverance effect
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| the perseverance effect occurs when people's beliefs about themselves and the world persists even after __ __ is __ | disconfirmatory evidence is presented
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| participants ratings of their ability on a future tast was directly related to their performance on a previous task even though they were told that the results of the previous task were inaccurate | perseverance effect
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| when we modify our schemas based on new information or experience we can do so in one of two ways: | assimilation or accomodation
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| assimilation is the process by which we modify the _ to fit the __ | new data, schema
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| accommodation is the process by which we modify the _ to fit the _ | schema, new data
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| perserverance effect can led to | confirmation bias
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| the tendency to test an idea by searching for evidence that would support it | confirmation bias
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| confirmation bias can lead to false beliefs because people may fail to attend to | disconfirming information
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| confirmatory information is sought because people want to maintain a certain belief | motivated confirmation bias
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| reducing effort in social cognition and judement: _ and _ | heuristics and biases
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| simple rules we sue for making complex decisions or drawing inferences in a seemingly effortless manner | heuristics
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| heuristics can sometimes lead to __ in information processing | biases
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| what types of biases can heuristics lead to | availability, representativeness, negative bias
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| judgements of frequency based on ease of bringing event/instance to mind | the availability heuristic
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| overestimate the occurance of events that are _ to recall, underestimate the occurance of events that are _ to recall | easy, difficult
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| ask someoneto think of 6 examples of atime they were generous or 12 examples of a time they were generous then ask them to rate themselves on their own generosity how generous are you on a scale of 1 to 10 | availability heuristic
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| judgements based on how similar something is to a prototypical ecample | representativeness heuristic
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| the representativeness heuristic is making judgements of __ and judging __ relationships | social categories, cause+effect relationship
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| ignoring the relative frequency of an event | base-rate neglect
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| base-rate neglect is part of the __ heuristic | representativeness
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| linda is 31 y.o. single outspoken bright and as student deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice + participated in anti nuclear demonstrations what is the probability that linda is a feminist bank teller | representativeness heuristic
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| we show greater sensitivity to negative info than to pos info | negativity bias
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| evidence that within marriages it takes at least 5 good acts to repair the damage of one critical or destructive act | negativity bias
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| one consequence of negativity bias is that when people's thoughts wander, they tend to brood over __ events rather than having their thoughts drift to _ events | negative, positive
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| mentally changing some aspect of the past in thinking about what might have been | counterfactual thinking
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| __ thinking : the easier it is to mentally undo a situation, the stronger the __ to it | counterfactual, emotional reaction
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| counterfactual thinking: reflections on the __, how things might have __ __ | past, turned out differently
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| things might have turned out better | upward counterfactual thinking
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| things might have turned out worse | downward counterfactual thinking
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| __ is the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people | social perception
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| we often make immediate inferences about other people based on | easily observable characteristics
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| these influences can influence __ and the __ of others | our behavior, behavior of others
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| the way in which people communicate, either intentionally or unintentionally, without words | nonverbal communication
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| big 5 dimensions | openness to experience, consciousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
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| a room with a cue findings: friends ratings were more accurate on measures of __ and __ | extraversion, agreeableness
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| a room with a cue findings: strangers ratings were more accurate on (3) | consciousness, openness to experience, and neuroticism
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| drs who were given high ratings of dominance and low ratings of concern/anxiety - based solely on their tone of voice and manner of speaking during the 40sec interval were sig. more likely to be sued | non verbal communiction
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| forming impressions from brief interactions or experiences with someone else | thin slicing
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| thin slicing is a form of | impression formation
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| central and peripheral traits | impression formation
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| intelligent skillful industrious cold/warm, determined, practical, cautious | central and peripheral traits
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| our attempts to answer 'why' about the cause of people's beahviors | attributions
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| we often wonder why people do the things that they do- why did brittney spears get into a car accident | attribution
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| when people make attributions we can explain people's behavior as being caused by | internal or external factors
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| explanations that derive from the person him or herself | internal attributions
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| explanations that derive from the situation that the person finds him or herself in | external attributions
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| attributions made by weighing potential causes | covariation
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| covariation focuses on observations of behavior across _ _ and __ | time, place actors and targets
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| covariation information gathered about (3) | consensus, consistency, distinctiveness
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| do other people act the same way | consesus
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| does he /she act the same way in the same circumstance | consistency
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| does he/she act the same way in the different situations | distinctiveness
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| claire laughs hysterically at her date's jokes, it is something about __ or about __ | her or her date
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| does everyone laugh at his jokes? | consesus
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| does claire always laugh at her date's jokes? | consistency
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| does she laugh only at this date's jokes? | distinctiveness
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| __ attributions likely if consensus distinctiveness and consistency are high | external
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| for instance a person yelling loudly during a football game - since most people would ( high __) , if the person doesn't yell in other situations (high __), the person yells throughout the game or during other football games (high __) | consensus, distinctiveness, consistency
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| then assume the person's behavior is a product of | the situation
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| internal attributions likely when __ and __ are low but __ is high | consensus, distinctiveness, consistency
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| a person laughing at a funeral- since most people wouldn't (__), if the person laughed in other solemn situations (__), the person continued to laugh throughout the funeral/other funerals (__) | low consensus, low distinctiveness, high consistency
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| then assume there is something __ about the person | unusual
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| tendency to believe that people's behavior corresponds to (matches) their dispositions (personality) | correspondence bias
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| correspondence bias is so pervasive, social psycholosist refer to it as the | fundamental attribution error
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| tendency to overestimate dispositional causes and underestimate situational causes as explanations for others behaviors | fundamental attribution error
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| fundamental attribution error- tendency to __ causes and __ causes as explanations for other's behavior | overestimate dispositional, underestimate situational
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| inferences may be made about someone's true personality even when we are aware that their behavior resulted from an assigned role | fundamental attribution error
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| causes of fundamental attribution error (4) | perceptual salience, belief in a just world, automatic and controlled thinking, two step process
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| motivated to believe that people get what they deserve in life- good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people | belief in a just world
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| fundamental attribution errors may be reassuring because we feel less vulnerable to external factors influencing our life outcomes | belief in a just world
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| two step process: first - make quick automatic __ __, second make effor to search for __ | internal attribution, situational factors
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| when we are distracted tired etc we will often not proceed to | step two
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| __ describes the fact that we tend to attribute our own behaviors to the situation, but other's behave dispositionally | actor-observer bias
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| __ is another factor in our use of attributions | self serving bias
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| we tend to take credit for our successes (__) and blame others or the situaition for our failures (_-) | self serving bias, internal attribution, external attribition
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| self serving bias- tuck rule play- new england wins game defeating raiders after controversial call how does each team explain outcome | raider loses- external attribution, new england wins- internal attribution
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