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APG Ch 8 Parties
Political Parties
Question | Answer |
---|---|
1. What is a group seeking to control the government by gaining office in elections? | 2. A political party |
3. What is especially true of political parties today? | 4. They are relatively weak |
5. How does a party give the candidate party identification? | 6. Its use as a label |
7. What are two ways to measure the strength of a party? | 8. Party identification and strength of party organization |
9. There are three segments of an American political party. Which segment is the largest? | 10. Party-in-the-electorate |
11. What are the three segments of an American political party? | 12. Party-in-government, party-in-the-electorate, party as an organization |
13. What is the only thing you have to do to become a member of an American political party? | 14. Claim to be a member |
15. Are American political parties as powerful as European parties? | 16. No |
17. Out of the three segments of an American political party, where do the key spokespersons come from? | 18. Party-in-government |
19. What do we call the model that claims there are three segments of the American political party? | 20. “three-headed political giant” model |
21. What segment of the American political party system keeps the party running between elections and makes party rules? | 22. Party as an organization |
23. Who make up the Party-in-Government? | 24. Winning candidates |
25. Who make up the Party-in-the-Electorate? | 26. People who identify with the party |
27. What is the number one goal of parties? | 28. Win elections |
29. What do linkage institutions do? | 30. Link public preferences to political leaders |
31. What are the key linkage institutions? | 32. Parties, interest groups, media, elections |
33. What do you call a party’s endorsement of a candidate to represent the party as they run for office? | 34. Nomination |
35. What helps pick policymakers, run campaigns, advocate polities, coordinates policymaking, and gives cues to voters? | 36. Political parties |
37. Why do the major American political parties tend toward middle-of-the-road stands on major issues? | 38. Most voters (the electorate) are centrists |
39. What does rational-choice theory say a wise party will do? | 40. Select policies that are widely favored (popular) |
41. What percentage of Americans think there are important differences between the two major parties? | 42. 66% |
43. What do recent polls on party identification show? | 44. More independents than Republicans or Democrats |
45. What do you call voting with one party for one office and another for other offices? | 46. Ticket-splitting |
47. Have the differences between the Two Parties been perceived to have increased or decreased since 1980? | 48. Increased |
49. What party has taken the biggest hit from the increased number of independents since 1952? | 50. Democrats |
51. In order of party identification rank the two major parties and independents from most to least. | 52. Independent, Democrat, Republican |
53. Are most voters conservative, liberal, or moderate? | 54. Moderate |
55. What affect has a growing number of independents had on parties? | 56. Caused some decline |
57. What is an overall description of American political party organizational structure? | 58. Decentralized, fragmented |
59. What is a huge reason to explain America’s political decentralization compared to European countries? | 60. Federalism |
61. How is power fragmented in the major American political parties? | 62. National, state, local |
63. What dominated many large American cities from the late-nineteenth century through the New Deal years? | 64. Corrupt party machines |
65. Party machines were popular. What did they rely on to reward friends and punish enemies? | 66. Patronage |
67. What State has the strongest parties in America? | 68. Pennsylvania |
69. What has happened to state party organizations since 1960? | 70. More powerful, more organized |
71. What state has notably weak political parties? | 72. California |
73. Who gets to vote in a Closed Primary? | 74. Only voters who have already registered with the party |
75. Who gets to vote in an Open Primary? | 76. Voters choose on election day which party primary to vote in |
77. What can a voter do in a blanket primary? | 78. Vote for candidates from either party |
79. What is the effect of a closed primary? | 80. Encourages party loyalty |
81. What is the effect of a blanket primary? | 82. Greatly discourages party loyalty |
83. What are loose aggregations of state parties? | 84. American national parties |
85. How often does each party hold a national convention? | 86. Every 4 years |
87. What is the supreme power within each party? | 88. National convention |
89. Who selects the time and place for the national convention? | 90. National committee |
91. The rules determining the number of delegates from each state are determined by the _______ | 92. National committee |
93. Do the Democrats and Republicans use the same formula for apportioning delegates for the National Convention? | 94. No |
95. How has changing rules on delegate allocation affected the Two Parties? | 96. Republican Party has become more conservative, Democratic Party more liberal |
97. What did Democratic reformers set out to do to delegate selection in the 1970s? | 98. Weaken party leaders and make the party itself more democratic |
99. What was the goal of the Hunt Commission? | 100. To increase the influence of party leaders on the delegate process |
101. What do you call elected officials and party leaders who serve as delegates and are not pledged in advance to a presidential candidate? | 102. Superdelegate |
103. Democratic state parties who break rules lose what percentage of their delegates? | 104. 25% |
105. Why were national party conventions developed? | 106. To replace party caucuses |
107. What keeps the party operating between conventions? | 108. National committee |
109. Who chooses the chair of the party in control of the White House? | 110. President |
111. What level of party organization has declined the most? | 112. Grassroots level |
113. Political parties depend on these; a set of individuals and groups that support it. | 114. Coalition |
115. Who is responsible for the day-to-day activities of the national party? | 116. National Chairperson |
117. What attracts individual voters and coalitions to specific parties? | 118. Party performance and policy |
119. How well do political candidates hold to the promises they make during an election? | 120. They keep most of them |
121. What do contemporary candidates run on? | 122. Their personal record more than their party’s record |
123. Why is it difficult for parties to make their candidates responsible to the party agenda? | 124. Decentralized, no tool to discipline officeholders, candidates are self-selected |
125. According to Gerald Pomper, how often do parties break their promises on major party platforms? | 126. 10% |
127. What do we call a period of history defined by which party is dominant? | 128. Party era |
129. What begins or makes certain a new party era? | 130. Critical election |
131. What do we call the process that creates a new party era? | 132. Party realignment |
133. What tend to be the causes of American party realignment? | 134. Major national crisis (Civil War, Great Depression, Vietnam War/Oil Shock) |
135. Why was Washington opposed to political parties? | 136. He thought it threatened government legitimacy |
137. How did the Founders see political parties? | 138. As self-interested, ambitious factions |
139. What was the basis of the early political parties? | 140. Geography and class |
141. When did political parties form a comprehensive organization and appeal? | 142. From Civil War to the 1930s |
143. What was the First Party System in America? | 144. Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans |
145. What party was dominant in the first Party Era? | 146. Democratic-Republicans |
147. What is another name for the Democratic-Republicans? | 148. Jeffersonians |
149. Who was the last Federalist President? | 150. John Adams |
151. What was the attitude of parties toward each other in the beginning? | 152. They wanted to destroy each other. |
153. What issue sparked the development of America’s first political parties? | 154. Hamilton’s efforts to have Congress establish a national bank. |
155. Why are policy positions in party platforms important? | 156. When in power, nearly ¾ result in policy action |
157. How do demographic groups play into party realignment? | 158. New coalitions are formed among demographic groups in a realignment |
159. What was the first political party? | 160. Federalists |
161. Who was the first President identified as a Democrat? | 162. Andrew Jackson |
163. What were the two parties in the second party era? | 164. Democrats v. Whigs |
165. Who argued a governing party needed a loyal opposition to represent minority interests? | 166. Martin Van Buren |
167. The election in 1828 of this President forged a new dominant political coalition. | 168. Andrew Jackson |
169. How was Andrew Jackson’s party organization a first? | 170. Organized from bottom up with a party convention |
171. Under the old caucus system, who selected Presidential candidates? | 172. Members of Congress |
173. Why switch from the old Caucus system to a Convention system? | 174. To give some local control to the process |
175. This party only won the presidency with old, popular war heroes. | 176. Whigs |
177. When did the Republicans emerge as powerful political party? | 178. 1850s |
179. What was the main difference between other parties and the Republicans? | 180. Republicans were the principal Anti-Slavery party |
181. When did Republican dominance end? | 182. 1932 |
183. What party were Progressives a faction of? | 184. Republicans |
185. What reforms did Progressives fight for? | 186. Nonpartisan elections, civil service reform, strict voter registration |
187. What did the Progressives succeed in doing? | 188. Reducing corruption |
189. What did the Progressive fail in doing? | 190. Settling the problem about how to select candidates |
191. What was it about Party Machines that Progressives disliked? | 192. The high degree of control by party leaders over members |
193. When were Party Machines most common? | 194. Late 19th and early 20th century |
195. Old-Style Machines counted on support from this group? | 196. Civil servants |
197. What policies helped end Party Machines? | 198. Hatch Act of 1939, welfare programs, competitive bidding laws |
199. What do initiatives and referendums allow for? | 200. More direct say in making laws |
201. What do we call the dominant political coalition formed by the Great Depression? | 202. New Deal Coalition |
203. What party did the New Deal Coalition support? | 204. Democrats |
205. What President formed the New Deal Coalition? | 206. FDR |
207. Why was the 1896 election important? | 208. Gave Republicans control of the North. |
209. What caused Republicans to lose in 1832? | 210. Hoover’s policies toward the Depression |
211. What were these groups members of; Southerners, African-Americans, union members, Catholics, Jews? | 212. New Deal Coalition |
213. What has characterized American government since 1968? | 214. Divided government |
215. What has been the tendency in balance of power between the parties in the Executive and Legislative branches from 1968 to 2000? | 216. Republicans usually had the Presidency while Democrats usually dominated Congress |
217. What do we call people gradually moving away from both parties? | 218. Dealignment |
219. What has happened to party loyalty in the last 30-40 years? | 220. Decreased |
221. What 1968 issue divided Democrats creating an opportunity for Nixon to win? | 222. Johnson’s Vietnam policies |
223. During the 1960s and 1970s this party became more bureaucratic and this party became more factionalized. | 224. Republicans, Democrats |
225. During the 1970s and 1980s, this party excelled at giving legal and financial advice to candidates, analyzing issues and voting trends, and using computerized mailing lists to raise funds. | 226. Republicans |
227. Since 2000, this party has excelled at fundraising through the internet, computer analysis of voting trends, and use of computers in getting out the vote. | 228. Democrats |
229. What has caused parties to have decreasing influence on voters and government? | 230. Party dealignment |
231. These kinds of parties bring new issues to the agenda, new groups into the electorate, vent frustration, can act as spoilers, but win very few elections. | 232. Third parties |
233. Whose 1992 and 1996 campaigns are an example of a party serving as an extension of a strong individual personality? | 234. Ross Perot’s campaigns |
235. What issues did Ralph Nader draw attention to while driving away some votes from Al Gore? | 236. Environmental issues |
237. What kind of Third Party was George Wallace’s American Independents Party? | 238. Splinter party |
239. What was the first true Anti-Slavery party? | 240. Free Soil Party |
241. Who selects candidates in the American winner-take-all system? | 242. Electorate in Primaries |
243. How do most states select candidates for office? | 244. Primary elections |
245. Who selects candidates in European proportional systems? | 246. Party leaders |
247. How do most democracies award seats in the national legislature? | 248. Proportional representation |
249. What kind of party system does proportional representation encourage? | 250. Multi-party system |
251. How does a multi-party system affect the differences in policy positions of parties? | 252. Makes them more distinct |
253. What political rewards does a party get in a winner-take-all system if they don’t win? | 254. Nothing |
255. What political rewards does a party get in a proportional system if they don’t “win”? | 256. They get a portion of the representation based on the number of votes they collected. |
257. What party system moderates conflict and promotes ambiguity in policy positions? | 258. Two party system |
259. How do weak parties affect the size or scope of government? | 260. It’s hard for them to grow or shrink government |
261. One of the reasons party control over American politics is increasingly weak is because of the growing influence of this linkage institution. | 262. Media |
263. What Third Parties value principle above all else? | 264. Ideological parties |
265. What does Barbara Mikulski identify as the training grounds for national political activists today? | 266. Social movements |
267. When you join a party to be with friends you are in a __________ | 268. Solidary group |
269. When you join a party to support a charismatic leader you are in a _______ | 270. Personal following |
271. What is an example of a sponsored party? | 272. UAW sponsorship of political involvement in Detroit |
273. What is the way most candidates today try to win elections; through ideology, solidary incentives, patronage, or a personal following? | 274. Personal following |
275. What are some political families that have built personal followings? | 276. Kennedys, Wallaces, Clintons, Bushes |
277. How many countries in the world have a two-party system? | 278. 15 |
279. What do you have to do to win in a Pluralist system? | 280. Appeal to the middle |
281. Who was the most recent independent candidate for President to get on the ballot in every state? | 282. Ross Perot |
283. What kind of Third Party are the Libertarian and Socialist Parties? | 284. Ideological parties |
285. What kind of party was Wallace’s American Independent Party? | 286. Factional or splinter party |
287. What kind of Third Party was the Populist Party? | 288. Economic protest party |
289. What kinds of Third Parties last the longest? | 290. Ideological parties |
291. What Third Parties have had the most impact on elections? | 292. Splinter or factional parties |