Political Parties

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1. What is a group seeking to control the government by gaining office in elections?

2. A political party

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3. What is especially true of political parties today?

4. They are relatively weak

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5. How does a party give the candidate party identification?

6. Its use as a label

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7. What are two ways to measure the strength of a party?

8. Party identification and strength of party organization

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9. There are three segments of an American political party. Which segment is the largest?

10. Party-in-the-electorate

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11. What are the three segments of an American political party?

12. Party-in-government, party-in-the-electorate, party as an organization

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13. What is the only thing you have to do to become a member of an American political party?

14. Claim to be a member

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15. Are American political parties as powerful as European parties?

16. No

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17. Out of the three segments of an American political party, where do the key spokespersons come from?

18. Party-in-government

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19. What do we call the model that claims there are three segments of the American political party?

20. “three-headed political giant” model

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21. What segment of the American political party system keeps the party running between elections and makes party rules?

22. Party as an organization

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23. Who make up the Party-in-Government?

24. Winning candidates

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25. Who make up the Party-in-the-Electorate?

26. People who identify with the party

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27. What is the number one goal of parties?

28. Win elections

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29. What do linkage institutions do?

30. Link public preferences to political leaders

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31. What are the key linkage institutions?

32. Parties, interest groups, media, elections

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33. What do you call a party’s endorsement of a candidate to represent the party as they run for office?

34. Nomination

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35. What helps pick policymakers, run campaigns, advocate polities, coordinates policymaking, and gives cues to voters?

36. Political parties

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37. Why do the major American political parties tend toward middle-of-the-road stands on major issues?

38. Most voters (the electorate) are centrists

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39. What does rational-choice theory say a wise party will do?

40. Select policies that are widely favored (popular)

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41. What percentage of Americans think there are important differences between the two major parties?

42. 66%

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43. What do recent polls on party identification show?

44. More independents than Republicans or Democrats

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45. What do you call voting with one party for one office and another for other offices?

46. Ticket-splitting

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47. Have the differences between the Two Parties been perceived to have increased or decreased since 1980?

48. Increased

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49. What party has taken the biggest hit from the increased number of independents since 1952?

50. Democrats

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51. In order of party identification rank the two major parties and independents from most to least.

52. Independent, Democrat, Republican

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53. Are most voters conservative, liberal, or moderate?

54. Moderate

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55. What affect has a growing number of independents had on parties?

56. Caused some decline

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57. What is an overall description of American political party organizational structure?

58. Decentralized, fragmented

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59. What is a huge reason to explain America’s political decentralization compared to European countries?

60. Federalism

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61. How is power fragmented in the major American political parties?

62. National, state, local

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63. What dominated many large American cities from the late-nineteenth century through the New Deal years?

64. Corrupt party machines

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65. Party machines were popular. What did they rely on to reward friends and punish enemies?

66. Patronage

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67. What State has the strongest parties in America?

68. Pennsylvania

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69. What has happened to state party organizations since 1960?

70. More powerful, more organized

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71. What state has notably weak political parties?

72. California

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73. Who gets to vote in a Closed Primary?

74. Only voters who have already registered with the party

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75. Who gets to vote in an Open Primary?

76. Voters choose on election day which party primary to vote in

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77. What can a voter do in a blanket primary?

78. Vote for candidates from either party

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79. What is the effect of a closed primary?

80. Encourages party loyalty

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81. What is the effect of a blanket primary?

82. Greatly discourages party loyalty

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83. What are loose aggregations of state parties?

84. American national parties

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85. How often does each party hold a national convention?

86. Every 4 years

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87. What is the supreme power within each party?

88. National convention

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89. Who selects the time and place for the national convention?

90. National committee

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91. The rules determining the number of delegates from each state are determined by the _______

92. National committee

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93. Do the Democrats and Republicans use the same formula for apportioning delegates for the National Convention?

94. No

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95. How has changing rules on delegate allocation affected the Two Parties?

96. Republican Party has become more conservative, Democratic Party more liberal

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97. What did Democratic reformers set out to do to delegate selection in the 1970s?

98. Weaken party leaders and make the party itself more democratic

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99. What was the goal of the Hunt Commission?

100. To increase the influence of party leaders on the delegate process

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101. What do you call elected officials and party leaders who serve as delegates and are not pledged in advance to a presidential candidate?

102. Superdelegate

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103. Democratic state parties who break rules lose what percentage of their delegates?

104. 25%

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105. Why were national party conventions developed?

106. To replace party caucuses

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107. What keeps the party operating between conventions?

108. National committee

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109. Who chooses the chair of the party in control of the White House?

110. President

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111. What level of party organization has declined the most?

112. Grassroots level

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113. Political parties depend on these; a set of individuals and groups that support it.

114. Coalition

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115. Who is responsible for the day-to-day activities of the national party?

116. National Chairperson

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117. What attracts individual voters and coalitions to specific parties?

118. Party performance and policy

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119. How well do political candidates hold to the promises they make during an election?

120. They keep most of them

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121. What do contemporary candidates run on?

122. Their personal record more than their party’s record

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123. Why is it difficult for parties to make their candidates responsible to the party agenda?

124. Decentralized, no tool to discipline officeholders, candidates are self-selected

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125. According to Gerald Pomper, how often do parties break their promises on major party platforms?

126. 10%

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127. What do we call a period of history defined by which party is dominant?

128. Party era

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129. What begins or makes certain a new party era?

130. Critical election

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131. What do we call the process that creates a new party era?

132. Party realignment

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133. What tend to be the causes of American party realignment?

134. Major national crisis (Civil War, Great Depression, Vietnam War/Oil Shock)

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135. Why was Washington opposed to political parties?

136. He thought it threatened government legitimacy

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137. How did the Founders see political parties?

138. As self-interested, ambitious factions

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139. What was the basis of the early political parties?

140. Geography and class

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141. When did political parties form a comprehensive organization and appeal?

142. From Civil War to the 1930s

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143. What was the First Party System in America?

144. Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans

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145. What party was dominant in the first Party Era?

146. Democratic-Republicans

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147. What is another name for the Democratic-Republicans?

148. Jeffersonians

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149. Who was the last Federalist President?

150. John Adams

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151. What was the attitude of parties toward each other in the beginning?

152. They wanted to destroy each other.

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153. What issue sparked the development of America’s first political parties?

154. Hamilton’s efforts to have Congress establish a national bank.

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155. Why are policy positions in party platforms important?

156. When in power, nearly ¾ result in policy action

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157. How do demographic groups play into party realignment?

158. New coalitions are formed among demographic groups in a realignment

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159. What was the first political party?

160. Federalists

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161. Who was the first President identified as a Democrat?

162. Andrew Jackson

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163. What were the two parties in the second party era?

164. Democrats v. Whigs

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165. Who argued a governing party needed a loyal opposition to represent minority interests?

166. Martin Van Buren

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167. The election in 1828 of this President forged a new dominant political coalition.

168. Andrew Jackson

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169. How was Andrew Jackson’s party organization a first?

170. Organized from bottom up with a party convention

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171. Under the old caucus system, who selected Presidential candidates?

172. Members of Congress

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173. Why switch from the old Caucus system to a Convention system?

174. To give some local control to the process

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175. This party only won the presidency with old, popular war heroes.

176. Whigs

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177. When did the Republicans emerge as powerful political party?

178. 1850s

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179. What was the main difference between other parties and the Republicans?

180. Republicans were the principal Anti-Slavery party

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181. When did Republican dominance end?

182. 1932

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183. What party were Progressives a faction of?

184. Republicans

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185. What reforms did Progressives fight for?

186. Nonpartisan elections, civil service reform, strict voter registration

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187. What did the Progressives succeed in doing?

188. Reducing corruption

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189. What did the Progressive fail in doing?

190. Settling the problem about how to select candidates

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191. What was it about Party Machines that Progressives disliked?

192. The high degree of control by party leaders over members

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193. When were Party Machines most common?

194. Late 19th and early 20th century

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195. Old-Style Machines counted on support from this group?

196. Civil servants

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197. What policies helped end Party Machines?

198. Hatch Act of 1939, welfare programs, competitive bidding laws

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199. What do initiatives and referendums allow for?

200. More direct say in making laws

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201. What do we call the dominant political coalition formed by the Great Depression?

202. New Deal Coalition

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203. What party did the New Deal Coalition support?

204. Democrats

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205. What President formed the New Deal Coalition?

206. FDR

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207. Why was the 1896 election important?

208. Gave Republicans control of the North.

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209. What caused Republicans to lose in 1832?

210. Hoover’s policies toward the Depression

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211. What were these groups members of; Southerners, African-Americans, union members, Catholics, Jews?

212. New Deal Coalition

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213. What has characterized American government since 1968?

214. Divided government

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215. What has been the tendency in balance of power between the parties in the Executive and Legislative branches from 1968 to 2000?

216. Republicans usually had the Presidency while Democrats usually dominated Congress

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217. What do we call people gradually moving away from both parties?

218. Dealignment

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219. What has happened to party loyalty in the last 30-40 years?

220. Decreased

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221. What 1968 issue divided Democrats creating an opportunity for Nixon to win?

222. Johnson’s Vietnam policies

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223. During the 1960s and 1970s this party became more bureaucratic and this party became more factionalized.

224. Republicans, Democrats

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225. During the 1970s and 1980s, this party excelled at giving legal and financial advice to candidates, analyzing issues and voting trends, and using computerized mailing lists to raise funds.

226. Republicans

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227. Since 2000, this party has excelled at fundraising through the internet, computer analysis of voting trends, and use of computers in getting out the vote.

228. Democrats

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229. What has caused parties to have decreasing influence on voters and government?

230. Party dealignment

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231. These kinds of parties bring new issues to the agenda, new groups into the electorate, vent frustration, can act as spoilers, but win very few elections.

232. Third parties

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233. Whose 1992 and 1996 campaigns are an example of a party serving as an extension of a strong individual personality?

234. Ross Perot’s campaigns

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235. What issues did Ralph Nader draw attention to while driving away some votes from Al Gore?

236. Environmental issues

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237. What kind of Third Party was George Wallace’s American Independents Party?

238. Splinter party

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239. What was the first true Anti-Slavery party?

240. Free Soil Party

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241. Who selects candidates in the American winner-take-all system?

242. Electorate in Primaries

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243. How do most states select candidates for office?

244. Primary elections

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245. Who selects candidates in European proportional systems?

246. Party leaders

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247. How do most democracies award seats in the national legislature?

248. Proportional representation

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249. What kind of party system does proportional representation encourage?

250. Multi-party system

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251. How does a multi-party system affect the differences in policy positions of parties?

252. Makes them more distinct

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253. What political rewards does a party get in a winner-take-all system if they don’t win?

254. Nothing

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255. What political rewards does a party get in a proportional system if they don’t “win”?

256. They get a portion of the representation based on the number of votes they collected.

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257. What party system moderates conflict and promotes ambiguity in policy positions?

258. Two party system

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259. How do weak parties affect the size or scope of government?

260. It’s hard for them to grow or shrink government

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261. One of the reasons party control over American politics is increasingly weak is because of the growing influence of this linkage institution.

262. Media

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263. What Third Parties value principle above all else?

264. Ideological parties

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265. What does Barbara Mikulski identify as the training grounds for national political activists today?

266. Social movements

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267. When you join a party to be with friends you are in a __________

268. Solidary group

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269. When you join a party to support a charismatic leader you are in a _______

270. Personal following

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271. What is an example of a sponsored party?

272. UAW sponsorship of political involvement in Detroit

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273. What is the way most candidates today try to win elections; through ideology, solidary incentives, patronage, or a personal following?

274. Personal following

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275. What are some political families that have built personal followings?

276. Kennedys, Wallaces, Clintons, Bushes

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277. How many countries in the world have a two-party system?

278. 15

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279. What do you have to do to win in a Pluralist system?

280. Appeal to the middle

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281. Who was the most recent independent candidate for President to get on the ballot in every state?

282. Ross Perot

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283. What kind of Third Party are the Libertarian and Socialist Parties?

284. Ideological parties

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285. What kind of party was Wallace’s American Independent Party?

286. Factional or splinter party

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287. What kind of Third Party was the Populist Party?

288. Economic protest party

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289. What kinds of Third Parties last the longest?

290. Ideological parties

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291. What Third Parties have had the most impact on elections?

292. Splinter or factional parties

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