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BioPsych Kalat Ch 4
Chapter 4 Glossary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ablation | removal of a brain area, generally with a surgical knife |
| autonomic nervous system | part of the PNS that contros the hear, intestines, and other organs |
| basal forbrain | are anterior and dorasal to the hypothalamus; includes cell clusters that promote wakefulness and sleep |
| basal ganglia | a group of subcortical forebrain structures lateral to the thalamus |
| Bell-Magendie law | the concept that the entering dorsal roots carry sensory information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information |
| binding problem | question of how various brain areas produce aperception of a single object |
| brainstem | the medulla, pons, midbrain and central structure of the forebrain |
| Broca's area | portion of the brain that is associated with language production |
| central canal | a fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord |
| central nervous system | the brain and the spinal cord |
| central sulcus | one of the deepest grooves in the surrface of the cerebral cortex |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | a clear fluid similar to blood plasma produced by choroid plexus in the brain ventricles |
| column | collection of cells having similar properties, arranged perpendicular to the laminae |
| computerized axial tomography (CT or CAT scan) | method of visualizing a living brain by injecting a dye into the blood and placing a persons head into a CT scanner; x-rays are passed through the head and recorded by detectors on the opposite side |
| corpus callosum | bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex |
| cranial nerves | nerves that control sensations from the head,k muscle movements in the head, and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs |
| delayed-response task | assignment in which an animal must respond on the basis of a signal that it remembers but that is no longer present |
| dorsal | located toward the back |
| dorsal root ganglia | clusters of sensory neurons outside the spinal cord |
| electroencephalograph (EEG) | a device that records electrical activity of the brain through electrodes attached to the scalp |
| evoked potenials (evoked responses) | electrical recor4dings on the scalp from brain acdtivity in response to a stimulus |
| forebrain | most anterior part of the brain; consists of two cerebral hemispheres |
| frontal lobe | section of cerebral cortex that extends from the central sulcus to the anterior limit of the brain |
| functional manetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | a modified version of MRI that measures energies based on hemoglobin instead of water; determines the brain areas receiving the greatest supply of lood and using the most oxygen |
| gray matter | areas of the nervous system that are densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites |
| hindbrain | the posterior part of the brain |
| hippocampus | a large sturcture located toward the posterior of the forebrain, between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex |
| hypothalamus | small area near the base of the brain, ventral to the thalamus |
| inferior colliculus | swelling on each side of the tectum, important for auditory processing |
| Kluver-Bucy syndrome | a behavioral disorder caused by temporal lobe damage |
| lamina(e) | layer of cell bodies that are parallel to the surface of the cerebral cortex and separated from each other by layers of fibers |
| lesion | damage to a structure |
| limbic system | interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | method of imaging a living brain by using a magnetic field and a radio frequency field to make atoms with odd atomic weights all rotate in the same direction and then removing those field and measuring the energy that the atoms release |
| magnetoencephalograph | a device that measures the faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity |
| medulla | hindbrain structure located just above the spinal cord, could be regarded as an enlarged extension of the spinal cord |
| meniges | membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| midbrain | middle part of the brain |
| mutation | a heritable change in a DNA molecule |
| neuroanatomy | the anatomy of the nervous system |
| nucleus basalis | a forebrain structure taht lies on the ventral surface; receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia; sends axons to areas in the cerebral cortes |
| occipital lobe | posterior section of the cerebral cortes |
| parasympathetic nervous system | system of nerves that facilitate vegetative, nonemergency responses by the body's organs |
| parietal lobe | section of the cerebral cortex between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus |
| peripheral nervous system | nerves outside the brain and spinal cord |
| phrenology | a process of relating scull anatomy to behavior |
| pituitary gland | an endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus |
| pons | hindbrain structure that lies anterior and ventral to the medulla |
| position-emission tomography (PET) | method of mapping activity in a living brain by recording the emission of radioactivity from injected chemicals |
| postcentral gyrus | area just posterior to the central gyrus; primary receptor site for touch and other body sensations |
| precentral gyrus | posterior portion of the frontal lobe just anterior to the central sulcus; specialized for fine movement control |
| prefrontal cortex | anterior portion of the frontal lobe, which responds mostly to the sensory stimuli that signal a need for a movement |
| prefrontal lobotomy | surgical disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain |
| primary motor cortex | area of the prefrontal cortex just anterior to the central sulcus; a primary point of origin for axons conveying messages to the spinal cord |
| primates | order of mammals that includes monkeys, apes, and humans |
| Raphe stystem | brain areas that send axons to much of the forebrain, modifying the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli |
| reticular formation | a structure that extends from themedulla into the forebrain; controls motor areas of the spinal cord and selectively increases arousal and attention in various forebrain areas |
| somatic nervous system | part of the PNS that consists of the axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNs to the muscles |
| spinal cord | part of the CNS; it communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head |
| stereotaxic instrument | a device for the precise placement of electrodes in the brain |
| substantia nigra | a midbrain structure that, similar to schizophrenia, gives rise to a pathway releasing dopamine |
| superior colliculus | swelling on either side of the tectum; important to visual processing |
| sympathetic nervous system | a network of nerves thatprepare the organs for vigorous activity |
| tectum | roof of the midbrain |
| tegmentum | intermediate level of the midbrain |
| temporal lobe | the lateral portion of each hemisphere, near the temples |
| thalamus | a pair of structures in the center of the forebrain |
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation | the application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp,temporarily inactivating neurons below the magnet |
| ventral | toward the stomach |
| ventricles | four fluid-filled cavities within the brain |
| white matter | area of the nervous system consisting mostly of myelinated axons |
| cerebral cortex | layers of cells on the outer surface of the cerebral hemisphere of the forebrain |
Created by:
mrosshogan
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