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X-Ray
Core/fundamental
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the proper way to lift a patient? | Knees bent, feet apart, don't twist your trunk, push or pull rather than lift in position. |
| What day were X-rays discovered? | November 8th 1895 |
| who discovered X-rays? | Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen |
| When are you allowed to share results with a patient? | Never |
| Films belong to the clinic for how long? | 5-7 years |
| You notice that there is a big discrepancy in the order, what do you do? | Check with the doctor. |
| When can you shoot an x-ray when you don't presently have an order? | Never |
| Maslow is responsible for what? | Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, explaining that people need to have, physiological needs met, need to feel safe, need loving and belonging, to have self esteem, and self actualization. |
| What is a physiological need? | food, shelter, air, water, sleep, sexual fulfillment |
| What is the highest form of law? | Constitutional Law, |
| What are the 4 Types of Law? | Statutes-rules or principals enhanced by legislative bodies, Administrative regulations-written by boards or agencies, Common law - system of applied law developed in the absence of written law, Constitutional Law-Higest order of law decided by lower cour |
| What is Autonomy? | Your right to choose |
| who can consent for a minor? | Parent, guardian, emancipated minor |
| what is implied consent? | When a pt is unconscious or in a life threatening emergency, it is assumed that given the gravity of the situation consent would be given. |
| define libel. | malicious writing about someone |
| Define False imprisonment | conscious restraint of the freedom of another person without proper authorization, privilege or consent. |
| what is Utilitarianism? | an ethical theory based on consequence. |
| What controlling exposure factor represents the quantity of electrons? | mA |
| What represents the overall blackness on a film? | density |
| Distance influences what? | density |
| what is the medical term or prefix/sufix that means lack of oxygen in the tissue? | Anoxia |
| what does "neuro" relate to? | nerve |
| whar does "endo" relate to? | inside |
| what is the word meaning to turn the palm up? | supinate |
| what does it mean to turn the palm down? | pronate |
| X-ray term meaning towards the feet | caudal |
| X-ray term meaning towards the head | cephalad/cephalic |
| What does decubitius stand for? | cross table |
| which way is the patient facing if you are shooting an AP oblique? | forward at a 45 degree angle |
| Define projection | positioning term which refers to the direction or path of the central ray (CR) as it passes through the pt. |
| what position are you in if you are laying down with your feet above your head? | Trendelenburg |
| what is the prone position? | laying face down |
| what is the dorsal part of your foot? | top of it |
| what is the common lateral position for a CXR (chest xray) and why? | Left Lateral, it decreases the OID which decreases magnification to the heart. |
| define anatomy? | study of body structures. |
| define physiology? | study of the function of the structures |
| deine osteology | the study of bones |
| What organization evaluates x-ray programs? | JRCERT- Joint Review Committee for Education in Radiology Technology |
| What is the ASRT? | The American Society of Radiology Technology. |
| What do you call a patient the is not showing symptoms? | Asymptomatic |
| what are Medical Ethics? | Ethics as they apply to medicine, despite if the conflict with your personal morals or beliefs. |
| Where should the Xray tube be placed before and after ever exam? | At the foot side of the table. |
| What are the two types of tubes? | Crookes tube and Coolidge tube |
| A Crookes tube is known as a what tube? | Cold cathode tube. |
| what is it called when a current passover a filament in a vacuum and electrons are released? | Thermionic emission |
| Coolidge tube is know as a what tube because it uses more electrons? | Hot cathode tube |
| what are the commonly used tubes today? | Rotating anode tubes. |
| What is the disk on the rotor made out of today? | tungsten |
| Briefly explain how a tube generates a beam. | The volts & the AMPs are set the the V's are sent to the step up transformer where they become kV, then they travel across the L or S filament, the kV is offset by the negative volts, are projected to the spinning anode and the collision ionizes the beam |
| what 4 types of IR will we be working with. | DR - Digital radiography, Solid Slate detectors (DR), Imaging Plate (CR), film and cassette |
| what are the 4 Image quality factors | Density, Contrast, Recorded Detail and Distortion |
| what is density? and what controls it? | The overall blackness of the film, mA and exposure time |
| What is contrast? and what controls it? | difference in densities between any two areas on the film. The variations of gray. kVp |
| what is recorded detail and what controls it? | it is the ability to visualize small structures. - Geometry, film, distance, screen, focal spot, motion |
| Distortion? what is it and what controls it? | Misrepresentation of a shape or structure. Shape distortion is foreshortening or elongation- alignment, central ray, anatomic part, IR, angulation |
| How do you compensate for an increased OID? | Change the distance of the tube. |
| how do you get foreshortening? | the body part is angled. |
| How do you elongate something on film? | the tube is angled |
| What radiographs do you view with the distal end toward the ceiling? | wrist, hands, feet toes |
| What are the two types of pt motion on xray films? and how do you control motion? | Voluntary and involuntary, shorter exposure time |
| what are the first three steps of the 16 steps of an x-ray that you HAVE to do in order? | 1. Introduce yourself, 2.Verify patient 3. Ask if there is any chance of pregnancy if female |
| what 4 things are required on an Xray? | Pt name/ID, Date, Institution name, R or L marker |
| what are the two standard distances used in x-ray? | 40'' 72'' |
| What is the number one error in x-ray? | technique |
| When should the light field be bigger than the IR? | Never |
| What does increasing the OID do? | magnifies body part. |
| What does SID affect? | pt dose, magnification, recorded detail. |
| Longer SID does what? | reduces magnification and increases recorded detail. |
| When do you use shielding? | Always. |
| what pt conditions would you decrease your technique for? | old age, pneumothorax, emphysema, emaciation, degenerative arthritis, atrophy |
| What pt conditions would you increase your technique for? | Pneumonia, pleural effusion, enlarged heart, edema |
| what are they different types of body habitus? | Sthenic, Hyposthenic, Asthenic, Hypersthenic |
| what percentage of people have Asthenic body habitus? | 10% |
| what percentage of people have Sthenic body habitus? | 50% |
| what percentage of people have Hypersthenic body habitus? | 5% |
| what percentage of people have Hyposthenic body habitus? | 35% |
| What are the 5 classifications of bones? | Long, Short, flat, irregular, sesamoid |
| What is an example of a short bone? | carplas of the wrist or tarsals of the ankle |
| What are the 3 different kinds of structures of connective tissue in joints? | Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial. |
| what are the 3 functional classification of joints and which is which? | synarthroses- immovable, amphiarthroses- slightly moveable, diarthroses- freely moving |
| what are the two names for a fracture where the bone is sticking out of the skin? | open/compound |
| what do the words parietal and visceral mean? | Parietal - wall of lining of the body cavity. Visceral- covering of organs. |
| what means "referring to part or parts on the opposite side of the body" | contralateral |
| what is the projection that "just skims" the body part called? | Tangential projection |
| What constitutes and axial projection? | taken at more than 10 degrees |
| In a lateralmedial projection of the forearm, where is the thumb located? or to clarify, where is it in relation to the IR. | it is facing up, parallel to the IR, pinky side against the IR |
| what direction is your big toe pointed if you have medial rotation? | towards the center of your body. |
| what position is it when your pt lean back against the IR so only the shoulders are in contact with it? | Lordotic position |
| How is the pt positioned for a Left Ventral Decubitis x-ray? and what radiograph will be produced by that position? | lying on their stomach with their left side to the IR. Left Lateral projection. |
| What word means "circular movement of a limb"? | circumduction |
| what increases the angle of a joint? | extension |
| what decreases the angle of a joint? | flexion |
| rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up? | supination |
| rotation of the forearm so the palm is down? | pronation |
| When should markers be used? | Always |
| What marker should be used when doing a lateral projection? | the side that the patient is facing, the marker should be in front of the pt so to speak. |
| What marker should be used when doing projections of the limbs with side by side images? | The left and the right marker. |
| When should you not shield the gonads? | when it interferes with the region you are trying to visulize |
| what is an image called on an IR before it is processed? | Latent image |
| What is an image called after it has been processed? | manifested image |
| What is a film or other base material containing the processed image of the anatomic part produced by x-rays on an IR? | Radiograph... Duh! |
| what plane cuts someone into anterior posterior and left and right? | midcoronal, and midsagittal |
| what word refers to the posterior part of your foot? posterior hand? | palntar, palmar. |
| what word refers to the top of your hand? top of your foot? | dorsum manus, dorsum pedis |
| which way do you hang/view xrays? | anatomical position. |
| What is the Occlusal Plane used to visualize? | C1 |
| What landmark is used to visulize C3? | Gonion |
| C7 landmark? | Vertebra Prominence |
| The 4th Lumbar spinous process is determined by what landmark? | Iliac crest or Interiliac plane |
| what are vertebrae are you aiming for when doing a AP chest? | T7 |
| T2-T3 is at what landmark? | jugular knotch |
| S1- S2 is determined by what landmark? | ASIS or Anterior Superior Ilias Spine |
| How do you find T7? | Inferior angle of the scapula |
| How many bones are part of your Axial Skeleton? | 80 |
| How many bones are part of your Appendicular skeleton? | 126 |
| What skeleton structure Axial or Appendicular controls movement? | Appendicular |
| What skeleton structure Axial or Appendicular supports the head and trunk? | Axial |
| What part of the bone is bone marrow made? | trabeculae |
| in long bones, where is the red bone marrow concentrated? | At the ends of the bones |
| in long bones, where is the yellow bone marrow? | medulliary cavity |
| where do blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the bone? | periostieum |
| what are the 3 fibrous joints? | syndesmosis - inferior tibiofibular joint, Suture- skull, gomphosis- roots of teeth |
| What is the fibrous joint that holds your teeth in place? | gomphosis |
| what are the cartilaginous joints? | symphysis- symphysis pubis, synchondrosis- between the diaphysis and epiphysis , |
| What are the synovial joints? | gliding- uniaxial -ribs, hinge- uniaxial knee- pivot- uniaxial neck - ellipsoid - biaxial wrist, saddle- biaxial thumb, ball and socket - multiaxial hip. |
| What is deviation? | turning away from the regular or standard course |
| what does ipsilateral mean? | All on the same side |
| sesamoid is embedded in the? | tendon |
| what is calverium another word for? | cranium or skull |
| what is a view? | part of the body seen by the IR |
| what is a fissure? | a clef or deep groove |
| what is a meatus? | tube like passageway running through a bone |
| what is a process or projection? | bones or part of bones that extend beyond or project out from the body of the main bone |
| what is a condyle? | a rounded process at an articular extremity |
| what is a hamulus? | a hook like shaped bone. |
| what is a line? | a linear elevation, less prominent ridge than a crest |
| what is a malleolus? | club like shaped projection |
| what is a trochanter? | either of two large rounded and elevated processes located at the junction of neck of femur |
| what is a foreman? | A hole in the bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves. |
| what is a fossa? | pit, fovea, hollow space |
| what is a sulcus | furrow, trench or fissurelike depression |
| what is a coracoid and coronoid? | beak / crown like process |
| where are your long bones? | extremities |
| what does red bone marrow produce? | red and white blood cells |
| what does yellow bone marrow do? | stores adipose cells or fat cells |
| when does primary ossification start? | before birth |
| what happens during secondary ossification? | the epiphysis and diaphysis start to fuse together |
Created by:
christina325
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