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Chapter 5
Psyc 121
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience |
| conditioning | the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses |
| classical conditioning | the basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | the natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning |
| unconditioned response (UCR) | the unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | a formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response |
| conditioned response (CR) | the learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus |
| stimulus generalization | the occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well |
| stimulus discrimination | the occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli |
| higher order conditioning (aka second-order conditioning) | a procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
| extinction | the gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior. In classical conditioning this occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus |
| taste aversion | a classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food |
| law of effect | learning principle (Thorndike) that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened & are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur |
| operant | Skinner's term for an activity emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences |
| operant conditioning | the basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response |
| reinforcement | the occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated |
| positive reinforcement | a situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations |
| negative reinforcement | a situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations |
| primary reinforcer | a stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities |
| conditioned reinforcer (aka secondary reinforcer) | a stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer |
| punishment | the presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated |
| punishment by application (aka positive punishment) | a situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus |
| punishment by removal (aka negative punishment) | a situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus |
| operant chamber or Skinner box | the experimental apparatus invented by B.F. Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors |
| shaping | the operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed |
| variable-interval (VI) schedule | a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial |
| behavior modification | the application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors |
| learned helplessness | a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior |
| instinctive drift | the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response |
| observational learning | learning that occurs through observing the actions of others |
| mirror neurons | a type of neuron that activates both when an action is performed and when the same action is perceived |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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